How Hr Impacts a Company Performance Essay

Human Capital is the most important resource for an organisation to succeed. The quality of the human resource and the work performance directly impact an organisation’s performance. Thus, human resource management plays an important role to ensure the efficiency in an organisation’s daily operations via efficient recruitment, training and development, and staff retention. Besides, efficient human resource management may create competitive advantage to an organisation. There are various theories explained how human resource management impacts an organisation’s performance. This essay focuses on two theories – Reinforcement Theory and Resource-Based Theory. 2. 0 Reinforcement Theory and the Implementation Reinforcement theory was proposed by BF Skinner and his associates. It focuses of shaping human behaviour by controlling the consequences of the behaviour. In reinforcement theory a combination of rewards and/or punishments is used to reinforce desired behaviour or extinguish unwanted behaviour. It has similar base as â€Å"law of effect† where it states that individual behaviour leads to different consequences. Thus if a behaviour leads to positive consequences, the individual tends to repeat the same behaviour in the future. On the other hand, if a behaviour leads to negative consequences, the individual will try to change their behaviour to avoid the unpleasant consequences. For example, employees may obey the company’s rules and regulation as they may fear of disobedience leads will lead to punishment. On the other hand, employees try to meet the target set at work as they may be rewarded. Thus, in order to change employee behavior, the consequences of the behavior must be changed. For example, an employee who is frequently late to work, may be motivated to report to work on time (change of behavior) by changing the consequences of being late. Behavior modification consists of 4 methods: 2. 0. 1Positive and Negative Reinforcement This implies to remove negative behaviour of the employees by giving positive consequences to the employees. For example, a company could establish a reward system to the sales team, when certain target has been achieved, sales person would receive additional incentives. Both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement encourage certain behaviour to be happened or repeated. The more spontaneous the reward is given, the greater the reinforcement value it has. 2. 0. 2 Punishment This implies to decrease the probability of undesirable actions by enforcing some punishments or negative consequences to the employees. For example, salary deduction for employees those do not report to work punctually. 2. 0. 3 Extinction The objective of extinction is to reduce the unwanted behaviour. If an employee gets praised for the promptness of his job completion for certain period of time, but receives no praise subsequently, his desirable behaviours may diminish. Thus, managers have to continue to offer positive consequences to avoid unwanted extinction of behaviour. 2. 1 Reinforcement Theory impacts on organisation’s performance The core objective of Reinforcement Theory in Human Resource Management is to change the employees’ behaviour. Increase the possibility of positive behaviour and reduce the chances of negative behaviour. Organisation performance will be boosted if there is drastic change in employees’ behaviour from negative to positive. Besides, it also ensures the positive behaviour to be maintained as a norm in an organisation. New joiners may follow the company good norms which will past through generation by generation. Below are some of the examples how Reinforcement Theory impacts an organisation’s performance: 2. 1. 1 Attendance and punctuality improvements Positive reinforcement and punishment towards employees’ punctuality may improve the punctuality to work. For example some companies provide extra allowance to employees who adheres the punctuality to work and salary deductions for those who is late to work. This may motivates employees to arrive on time. This cultivates a culture where time management is important in the organisation. Hence, the discipline of the organisation gets improved which also leads to work efficiency. Sales result improvements Positive Reinforcement for instance Incentive given to the sales department may motivate the sales persons work towards to achieve the sales target. Sales persons may change their working style by making more cold-calling, increase the efficiency in time management by visiting more customers. As a result, it may increase the company’s revenue. Productivity improvements Performance appraisal system can be used in the implementation of reinforcement theory. For example, KPIs set for employees according to the organisation’s visions and goals. This serves as the key performance measurement for the employees. Employees work towards the KPIs in order to receive good appraisal, and expected to receive a better rewards and compensation. Organisation’s performance relies on the achievement of the KPIs. If the most of the KPIs can be met from bottom to top, the organisation’s has higher chance to achieve its visions and goals. Summary of Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory focuses on what will the consequences happens to the individual after some actions has been taken. This theory argues that the internal state and the reasons of the actions of the individuals can be ignored as human tends to exhibit their behaviours base on the result of the behaviour. Reinforcement theory does not focus on the causes of individual’s behaviour. As a result, it may shows lack of empathic and less human in a sense if we ignore the cause of the behaviour of an individual. For example, if an employee always late in work, the manager could have understand the reason behind and decide whether salary deduction to be enforced for this employee. Nevertheless, in terms of organisational management, Reinforcement Theory serves as a very direct way to control the employees’ behaviour by understanding the needs and fears of the employees. Employees may tend to adhere to the rules and regulations as they look forward for the positive consequences (reward or praise), and avoiding negative actions as they are fearful of negative consequences (punishments). As a result, company performance will be enhanced if the employees show positive behaviour more frequent. 3. 0 Resource-Based Theory and the Implementation Resource-Based Theory argues that human resources is a subset of an organisation to enable them to achieve competitive advantage and business sustainability. Valuable and niche resources leads to an organisation’s competitive advantage. Moreover, the firm has to be able to protect against the resource turnover in order to sustain the competitive advantage for longer period of time. The source of Resource-Based Theory dates back to 1967, Selznick proposed the term organisation’s distinctive competence. Later in 1959, Penrose, puts forward the â€Å"Theory of the Dynamic Growth of the Firm† and defined an organisation’s achieve distinctive competence through the distribution and the use of resources. This concept later became the basis of resource-based theory. In 1984, Wernerfelt who lead the mainstream strategic management, proposed a resource-based idea that the â€Å"internal† organisational resources and the â€Å"external† commodity markets together form a complementary strategy. In an industry, if an organisation has the internal distinctive resource of value, rarity, inimitability and non-substitutability (Barney, 1991), it is able to increase the quality of goods and services. Which also enable the organisation to create competitive advantage and to sustain the competitive advantage. There are two main criteria in resource-based theory: resource diversity and resource immobility (Barney, 1991). 3. 0. 1 Resource diversity This refers to the human resource expertise are niche and specialise in the market, which leads to create the competitive advantage for an organisation. This is important for organisation which the business is emphasis on innovation, consultancy, creativity and etc. For example, If an organisation is trying to develop a new innovative product, it requires resources with specialise knowledge and expertise to achieve the goal. If those resources are niche in the market and other competitors cannot duplicate the product easily, it creates competitive advantage to the organisation. To ensure resource diversity, important effort requires in recruiting quality and competent employees, provide training and development to the existing employees in order to achieve resource diversity. Resource immobility This refers to how easy the resource turnover from one oganisation to another. It is important for an organisation to retain productive human resources in order to ensure the organisation operates smoothly and to sustain the competitive advantage. In order to ensure the resource immobility, it requires efficient staff retention program, clear and achievable career path, career advancement opportunity, good benefit and compensation policy. 3. 1 Resource-Based Theory impacts on organisation’s performance The implementation of resource-based theory is able to improve an organisation’s performance as below: Increase Work Efficiency Work efficiency can be achieved if the employees are proficient in their role. It creates higher chance to prone to errors and finally it increases the company’s performance in various areas. 3. 1. 2 Create Professional Image to the Organisation Employees with high competency in job creates professional image to the organisation. This is important to increase the good will and brand name of the organisation. Besides, for those businesses mainly providing professional services to the clients requires employees with highly competency in order to create the competitive advantage among the competitors.

Quotation Analysis Essay

â€Å"Adolescence is a period of rapid changes. Between the ages of 12 and 17, for example, a parent ages as much as 20 years.† The words in this quote, by an unknown author, invite the reader to take a deeper, more insightful glance into how teenagers set out on a youthful rebellion to grow up too fast and get away from their problems. The words also invite the reader to take a deeper more insightful glance into how parents begin to age as they raise teenagers. Through literature, the author uses the point of view of the adolescent and their guardian to express how they feel as the adolescent ascents into their teenage years and starts developing their own opinions. An unknown author portrays meaning through the quote which relates to the actions of adolescents as they move through the teenage stage of their life. As teenagers grow up, they face changes in their personal, social, and educational lives. First, they start to act like they are as old as time itself which is normal but can be taken too far. By doing things on their own without anyone’s help, they also start to become very independent which is only good most of the time until it starts to get out of hand. Teenagers may also start to think they are too old for certain activities or items. They begin to act as if they are too good for some items or activities which can appear as snobbish to those who are around them. Appearing as snobbish can be a turn off, which causes friendships to be lost and relationships to be broken. This will lead to isolation from others to avoid being heart-broken or hurt. Adolescents usually can isolate themselves for a few weeks or about a month, but sometimes the non-contact with friends or family members can get to their heads making them angry or emotionally disturbed. Yelling, screaming, disobeying, slamming doors all can be the outcome of isolation even to those who you love and cherish. Parents understand that their children can have their bad days but if it continues to be on a daily basis they fear that their child’s emotional state will lead them on the wrong path. The theme of the quote is that you should enjoy your life as a teenager with your parent’s guidance. Life is full of ups and downs and we have to make the most of them while we’re still young and energetic. Enjoying your childhood will have a big impact on how you are as a person as you get older. Making a lot of friends, trying new things, and just having fun can increase your mood but also how you feel as a person. Teenagers mustn’t forget that while having fun it’s also important to spend time with your family. As you get older, you will always be treated like a baby till your gray-haired. It might seem annoying at first but it just is a reminder that in your parent’s eyes, you will always be a child. Your parents won’t always be around to comfort you and take care of you, so don’t take their love for granted and treat them badly. Parents are at an age where they may not be up to date with the modern American customs since they might come from another place. The kids are so used American customs since most were born here and the parent just use methods to teach their children how they were taught when they were young. Parents think they are giving us another way to living but they don’t realize that some of their own customs are pretty ridiculous and embarrass their children. At this time children just don’t understand that these customs are part of you and you hurt your parents by being so embarrassed. Your guardian already has problems of their own and they don’t need their children to make them feel even more horrible. Parents will be begin to feel stressed, will feel older than they actually are, and might even start to gain gray hairs. You should treat your parents with the dignity and respect they deserve while also abiding by their customs and rules. An unknown author uses words that personally relate to the Broadway musical â€Å"13†. At a certain point in their life, a teenager is ready to make their own decisions , which is similar to the decisions made by a young man in the Broadway musical â€Å"13†. The main character in the play, Evan Goldman, feels like he has to impress all the people around him and ignore how he really feels. When moving through the teenage stage of your life, you will feel like you have to impress other people to fit in or make certain impressions on certain people. To impress these people teenagers could even resort to doing criminal acts when they know it can’t be right. Peer pressure from other teens is one of the main reasons others are led astray. Goldman also feels like a teenager doesn’t have any privileges to do the fun things in life until they grow much older. Adolescents always want to experience things such as getting their driver’s license or bungee jumpi ng but they have to realize that to experience the exciting things in life, you have to be very patient. Don’t try to rush through the important stages by acting as if you are a grown man/woman when you have great privileges awaiting you. The parents in the Broadway musical â€Å"13† are so busy worrying about their children and how they act, by the end of the musical the parents are all old and incapable of taking care of their children. While their children are getting into problems between friends, the parents can only stand aside and watch since they have other problems to deal with and their child won’t even tell them what’s going on. Unfortunately in the end the parents end up not being able to help their child leaving them to deal with it themselves whether in a good or bad way. However, without the parent’s guidance the children still settled their problems in a good non-violent way so the parents don’t have to worry anymore. An unknown author presents the point of view of the child through the explanation of what the child thinks about their parents and how they think certain situations should be dealt with. Life is about responsibilities and teens want to show their parents how responsible they are. Most adolescents feel like their parents treat them like they are still 5 years old and don’t realize that their baby has grown up into a teenager. They just want to have the privileges of a mature teenager but also be treated like one. Parents also insist on telling their adolescent what to do but it can also be unnecessary because the child already knows how and what to do. Children just want to learn from experience or try what they think is right without our parent’s comments. Teenagers sometimes just want to have a simple conversation but other times being left alone can also be great. They have their moments where they just want to sit down and think about certain things without having to explain their private thoughts to someone you won’t think will understand. Parents can be the most difficult to explain to if something has happened and you just need advice. Most of the time, they cannot relate to the experience or sometimes just don’t understand. This will make teens skeptical about telling their parents anything. From the parent’s point of view, the children need to just wake up and smell the cappuccino. Life is full of problems and obstacles but the only way you can overcome them is with the guidance of your parents. If you try to deal with your problems alone, you’ll only end up hurting yourself in the end. A parent’s goal in life is for their child to be successful and happy so if they’re not happy, the parent isn’t happy. Parent’s also wish their children would understand why they make certain decisions. It’s not that they want to ruin our lives, they just want to protect us. Besides, things happen a certain way for a certain reason. Our parents just want to take care of us and make sure we have a good future. An unknown author use words to personally relate to experiences in my life. Everything has to go exactly right and it has to go my way. I won’t lie, I dislike it when my father doesn’t listen to my opinion even though it matters. If we are debating on whether or not I can go on an overnight trip with my school, it would be nice if you would listen to my reasons of why I want to go and how I could benefit from it. I’m not saying you have to agree with my opinion but listening to it can influence your decision. He thinks that something will happen on the trip and is very overprotective. I listen to what you have to say and it will probably influence on how I think about the matter. Even when I ask my parents to help me with my decisions, they always tell me â€Å"whichever one suits you best†. I can never make my own decisions on certain matters and sometimes that can either be a good or bad thing. It’s good because once someone tells me what they think I can develop my own opinion off of that but it’s bad since sometimes certain people can cause me to make a bad decision that could affect how I feel about certain topics. By the end of the day, I can’t stop thinking about what has happened in the past and what will happen in the future. Usually people come to me about their problems, but sometimes I already have my own problems to deal with so I don’t need to be involved in any more. The fact of the matter is that everyone has a way they want things to be done but it won’t always go your way. Throughout the past years, teenagers have no respect for themselves and others. Respect can open and close many doors, however, this is one trait lacking in the teenagers of today. I see teenagers on the street cursing, fighting, and carrying themselves like their parents/guardians haven’t taught them anything since day one. I know your parents spent a lot of time teaching you what’s right and what’s wrong so why let it all go to waste. Teens think they are grown and know what’s right so they rebel against their parents but what they don’t know is that your parent’s have completed school and have a job to support you. Until you have a job and a degree to prove your successful, you can’t call yourself grown. What I have also noticed is that adolescents begin to skip school and ignored their education. Doing this could affect what high school or college they make it into. If teens are as grown as they act, they would accept their priorit ies and act like a mature young adult. Adolescence can be a difficult period, however the way it is handled will define who we are and who we will become as men and women of the future. The words in this quote by an unknown author, invite the reader to take a deeper, more insightful glance into how teenagers set out on a youthful rebellion to grow up too fast and get away from their problems. Teenagers just need to stop, take in all the love/ friendship surrounding them, and also just enjoy and make the most of their life.

1984 Novel Essay

1984 Novel Essay I think that today’s society is a â€Å"half version† of George Owell’s novel, 1984, in some ways it is similar and in others, uniquely different. The closest we come today to a â€Å"Big Brother† is the mob. The people are also controlled by watchful security cameras and subliminal messages. However, something in life today is very different from that of 1984, it is the people. In the words of the famous lyricist, â€Å"Power to the People. † In analyzing â€Å"Big Brother,† there are similarities between it and the mob. The Mafia is a crime amily that can see everything, there is no going against the mob or else someone is going to die. The Mafia is so widespread that it has operatives all over keeping an eye out for cops or law enforcement, this is the Mafia’s â€Å"telescreens† (Orwell 6). Another startling similarity between the mob and â€Å"Big Brother† is the Mafia’s strange way of making someone disappear or â€Å"vaporize† (Orwell ). Almost unknowingly a person’s identity can be changed, altered, or deleted. Authorities use security and surveillance cameras to observe criminal activities or possibly every day activities. Too much surveillance liberties are given to police or FBI. By using hi-tech cameras which can actually document a person’s life. Unknowingly, there may be a cute little camera installed in the bedroom. Another way that today’s society controls the masses is subliminal messages. Illegal now, subliminal messages were widely used in the entertainment business, especially during the fifties. An example is that movie makers would add a split-second commercial add for popcorn and soda during a movie. Customers would actually be manipulated into buying these products. Even though, this kind of rainwashing is illegal, it is still very hard to detect, who’s to say that we are not bombarded by subliminal messages just by watching commercials on television. This is too risky, to think that a person’s actions and emotions can be swayed by someone else’s perversion’s. Again, this is very similar to 1984. Of all the things there are today that would make it impossible for there to be an inner or outer party, as in 1984, is that there is each other. No matter how hard our government tries, they cannot reach everyone. Contrary to 1984, where they do get everyone, I feel that was extreme and unlikely. I find it highly unlikely that a form of government can find a way to get the whole world to follow them. 1984 is not a reality, strength lies in numbers. In conclusion, life in the nineties, is a very resilient time. In this time, there is a substantial amount of restriction of the public, much of which is for law and order. A lot of this day and age may resemble George Orwell’s 1984. It is nothing but a facade of government mixing with technology at a dangerous level. There’s nothing to fear because 1984 is far-fetched and an anti-socialists nightmare.

Coaching process Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Coaching process - Literature review Example However, natural skill or talent will not be enough for an individual to optimally perform in any sport. With so much at stake in sports events including country’s honour, professional life of the sportspersons, fan expectations, etc, etc, individual or the individuals (team) involved in any sport need specialized tuning up or if aptly said coaching to elevate their skill to the expected levels of the competition. So, sports teams are using the services of experienced, equipped and talented individuals or experts to coach their under-skilled or underperforming members as well as further tuning the performing players. This role of coach will discussed as part of the literature review, with focus also on different coaching styles for different situations and the differentiation that exists within sports coaching. The term â€Å"coaching† is used when one individual teaches or trains another individual or group of individuals in certain aspects, in which they are failing short, by contributing physically, mentally, technically and also emotionally. The international coaching accrediting body the International Coach Federation (ICF) defines coaching as, â€Å" an ongoing partnership that helps [people] produce fulfilling results in their personal and professional lives and†¦deepen their learning, improve their performance, and enhance their quality of life†. So, coaching is mainly given as part of acquiring the lacking aspects, as demonstrated from its origins in sport. That is, term coaching came into popular parlance, when sports teams all over the world had a â€Å"head person†, who observed how the players in the team played the game and corrected any weaker aspects. â€Å"By late 1800, in the US, most college sports team employed coaches as well as managers and by the 20th Century, non-sporting coaches were emerging, those who were not specifically experts in the skills of their clients but who

Water cooler Innovation and Technology (MMBA - 6540 - 1) Essay

Water cooler Innovation and Technology (MMBA - 6540 - 1) - Essay Example n comes with ownership, creation of the correct conditions, recruitment of innovative workforce, and development of processes and culture that support innovation. I particularly like this article because of its depiction of signs of an innovative leader and his/her importance in making the organizational culture innovative. The author has supported the claims in the article with practical examples e.g. Steve Jobs asking the Why and What if questions and Apple employees following him in the same direction, thus depicting the organization’s innovative culture. None of the four philosophies proposed by the author can be developed unless innovation is taken seriously by every member of the organization. Innovation requires everybody’s participation. It is not just the Research and Development (R&D) job. A good idea could arise from the most unexpected source, so nobody should be underestimated in his/her creative thinking ability. Initially some failures may be encountered, but they guide the company towards the success. Overall, the article is very informative and allows a quick insight into the fundamentals of innovation and its

What are the Similarities and Differences Between a Racial Group and Essay

What are the Similarities and Differences Between a Racial Group and an Ethnic Group - Essay Example The only conspicuous differences that appear to the naked eye are due to the differences between males and females. Broadly speaking, the entire animal kingdom is very homogenous. Biologists who refute the claim that races are based on morphological features claim that the assumption that human races are based on anatomical traits is false. They claim that anatomical traits do not cluster distinct groups of people. It is further explained that some human races appear the way they do because of the natural environment surrounding them. for instance, in areas near the tropical latitudes, there are people with darker skin color to protect them from sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation. Thus, the dark brown skin color is primarily found amongst the Africans and the Indian subcontinent. However, the popularly held belief is otherwise. As it, goes-Racial groups are thus based on the biological classification of people. This classification could be according to human features, skin co lor or other morphological features. One is automatically classified by virtue of external forces into a racial group. One does not have any control over the racial group that becomes one’s identity. Racial groupings and concept of race have been a very controversial topic because of its ability to influence the social hierarchy of the society. Ethnicity on the other hand also incorporates the social characteristics of an individual within the society that he lives in. Some of the social characteristics that are a premise of ethnic classification include one’s language, culture, religion, tradition, tribe, and nationality. The race is externally assigned by the people around us. However, ethnicity is not externally assigned to other people. Ethnicity is the onus of an individual; however, he wants to go about it. It is apparently a conglomeration of humans who have similar cultural characters and follow the same religious faith.

Quotation Analysis A raisin in the sun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quotation Analysis A raisin in the sun - Essay Example A clear theme that emerges from this quotation is Mama and Walter’s desires to have financial stability. MAMA: Oh – So now it’s life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life – now it’s money. (Hansberry 522)†. The excerpt from Hansberry’s play represents Mama’s words in Act 1, scene II. Her words express her wonder as to why Walter always speaks of money. According to Walter, success is dependent on an individual’s perspective.. Besides depicting the Mama and Walters’ struggles, the excerpt epitomizes the difference between ideals held by young and elderly generations. Mama represents the elderly generation that views social life as fundamental and promotes family ties. Walter, contrary to Mama, represents the young generation. Walter perceives having money as ultimate freedom, even at the expense of family ties. The young generation has love for money and other material possessions, but disregards f amily ties that promote family life. Asagai expresses deep passion for money. This excerpt from Hansberry represents a conversation between Asagai and Beneatha. The two characters had a conflict following Bobo’s information to them that Walter incurred loss of money in investments. â€Å"ASAGAI: Then isn’t there something wrong in a house – in a world – where all dreams, good or bad, must depend on the death of a man? (Hansberry 565)†. Beneatha expresses cynicism over perceived challenges in the future caused by the loss in investment. It also connotes the characters’ crave to be wealthy. Based on their reactions to the news of loss in investments, it is evident that Asagai and Beneatha value money compared to social dimensions of life including family relations. Mama’s words express disappointment and discontentment about the loss. In this excerpt, Mama speaks to Beneatha concerning Walter’s loss of money. She expresses

MOTIVATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MOTIVATION - Essay Example Batul Nafisa Baxamusa has written an article on equity theory even she has described various aspects of the theory. According to her, motivation factors usually differ from person to person. She states that few persons are motivated through the fame they earn whereas for most of the persons money is the motivating factor. While analyzing the Adam’s equity theory, she has brought into light an interesting fact that most of the employees tend to compare themselves with their coworker to judge the remuneration and reward provided to him and here lies the importance of the equity theory (Baxamusa, 2010). Yoon (2001) had highlighted the importance of the empowerment of the worker in the workplace. According to him, instead of being pleased with their jobs, few employees feel burnt out and powerless due to the increased workload and lack of job security. He proposed empowerment as the critical intrusion program to boost motivation (Yoon, 2001). Incentive is a part of motivation and Stolovitch (2004) has mentioned his two major findings regarding incentives at workplace. These two myth-breaking findings are â€Å"Incentives destroy personal, intrinsic interest in work† and â€Å"Incentives only results in paying more for the result you would have had anyway†. It has definitely a major impact on determination of the motivational factor in the workplace (Stolovitch, 2004). According to Amabile (2002), the prevailing psychological view of Motivation is that extrinsic motivation destabilizes the intrinsic motivation. He has proposed two mechanisms for the synergic combination of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and those are ‘motivation-work cycle match’ and ‘extrinsic in service of intrinsic’ (Amabile, 2002). Hackman and Oldham (2004), have suggested a model consisting with the specifications under which an individual can internally be motivated and can perform the work effectively. It focuses on three categorical variables and

Impacts of Globalization on Indigenous Cultures Essay

Impacts of Globalization on Indigenous Cultures - Essay Example Due to globalization however,, this group of people also experience an enhanced ability to communicate globally and adjust their voice after many years of disenfranchisement (Cesarotti (.n.d) p. 3). Globalization, has been defined in many different ways. In its simplest term, globalization is the process of integration among different nations across the globe. The integration in this case takes the form of multinational corporations expanding their influence, trade agreements, communication, and internet, movement of individuals cross borders and the increasing power of multilateral organizations such as International Monetary Fund (IMF). These social, economic and political changes have been brought about by technological advancement, promotion of the neoliberal and the unexploited potential for corporations in foreign markets (Edelman and Haugerud 2005 p.16-22). These forces have had a lot of impacts on the indigenous cultures across the world. The objective of this paper is to exp lore the impacts that globalization has had on the indigenous cultures across the globe. Globalization has presented itself in different ways, affecting almost everyone on the planet. Its impacts on indigenous cultures more than often are viewed both positively and negatively. This is because growth of globalization has introduced new opportunities to people across the globe while at the same time impeding the indigenous people’s ability to retain their knowledge and cultural practices (Collier and Collier 2005 p.450-460). Globalization has indeed had far reaching effects on the world since it has made the world smaller both virtually and in reality. This has happened as a result of the several developments happening across the globe, especially with the introduction of computers and the internet. Physically, globalization has made traveling easier since it has brought with it modern means of transport and communication including cars, ships and the airplanes. This has helped bring indigenous people into closer contact with other people and parts of the world. Worth noting is that the contacts brought about by globalization have not just been for the benefit of the indigenous people around the world. Instead, indigenous cultures, more than often, have been replaced by superior western views of what the world is all about through increasing access to various modes of communication, such as, the Internet, digital media, television and satellite communication system and increased contact with individuals of diverse cultural backgrounds through trade and tourism. The impacts of exploitation of different parts of the globe not initially touched by the global forces and western cultures have indeed resulted in the exploitation of the indigenous people mainly for the benefit of the world entities (Collier and Collier 2005 p.450-460). The International Forum on Globalization (2006) notes that indigenous people are on the verge of crisis with regard to sustainab le development. It goes ahead to state that these communities are good examples of sustainable societies, which evolved in diverse ecosystem according to history. Currently the indigenous cultures are facing the challenge of survival, extinction and renewal due to the effects of globalization according to the International Forum on Globalization (2006). Globalization is seen to have impacted negatively on the indigenous cu

Change Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Change Model - Assignment Example How change is introduced in an organization greatly determines how it will be accepted by the employees which will contribute to organizational success. Companies want to grow and expand in the long run but the problem arises where change is an intimidating step among the management and employees since the outcome is unknown and since they are moving out of their comfort zone (Van de Ven & Sun 2011). For change to be effective, a detailed plan has to be made in advance, implementation has to be slow and steady and most importantly is that the people it affects have to be consulted and involved in the change process rather than being by- standers. The change has to be measurable, ideally achievable and realistic. Some important questions need to be answered before introducing the change; what is it that we want to attain from the change, how will we know that we have attained the change we long for, who are the people that will be directly affected by the change and what is their expe cted response? It is by answering these questions that will form the basis of how to explain to the employees of the reasons for the change and help them understand and contribute positively towards the achieving the change (Van de Ven & Sun 2011). ... Since opening up the shop in Shanghai is for a short time, the organization may be testing the waters to see how well their company will respond to international change where the people as well as their culture are different. In the first stage of unfreeze, the organizations tries to break the status quo by explaining that these changes are necessary and should be accepted for the company to grow. The key to this stage is to develop a compelling message to the employees of the need for change perhaps due to worrying financial results, poor customer satisfaction, or just the need for improvement and expansion of the company for it to grow (Van de Ven & Sun 2011). For the change to be successful, it is important that the employees be prepared psychologically by changing their core beliefs and attitudes about the organization. If the company wants to go global, there is need to change the mindset of the employees, stopping them from looking at the company in its regional state but as an international company. For goals to be achieved, they have to be foreseen before they are worked towards achieving them. The first part is very hard and stressful since when change starts, people have to start adapting to the new ways of doing things which pushes them off balance. It is for this reason that during early stages of the new store would seem slow and progress to be almost none. If this phase is not handled carefully, rebellion is likely to be seen among the employees (Mariana & Violeta 2011). The second phase is the change part where people are inculcated into the new radical ways of doing things. People have to see that the change is meant to benefit the entire company.

American Revolution Essay Example for Free

American Revolution Essay After the American Revolution, Americans, who had just broken free from the British, completely changed their politics, economy and society. The Founders decided to change how they wanted to run their society, even though, in the end, they went back to a more powerful federal government like Britain. Most people’s daily lives didn’t change much but the principles from the revolution made some try to look for better financial opportunities. Women, slaves, and loyalists were changed a lot in society. Women had more freedoms, some of the slaves were set free, and many loyalists left America. America did not go through much economic change, but it did experience social and political change. Since they had just fought a war to gain their freedom from them, Americans wanted their government not to be similar to Britain’s at all. This is why they implemented the Articles of Confederation that greatly limited federal power. But this government couldn’t raise taxes, or do a plethora of other tasks that were desperately needed, so the people realized their need for a more centralized government. While the new Constitution was still being created and ratified, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay were writing the Federalist Papers in hopes of convincing states to support it. James Madison, in number 51 of the papers wrote â€Å"Ambition must be made to counteract ambition† (Doc I). He was referring to the idea of checks and balances that would be used to ensure that anyone in the federal government would not be able to have too much power, which the people were very wary of. When it was finally ratified, the Constitution was similar to Britain’s government but also different because of their system of checks and balances. There was not much economic change in America after the revolution. The Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture in 1786 gave out a medal, which said, â€Å"Venerate the plough† (Doc F). This exhibits how the elite were still trying to help the common people who weren’t financially better off than before the revolution, but it didn’t make much difference. Similarly, in Shay’s Rebellion, Yeoman farmers in Massachusetts, according to Abigail Adams’ letter to Thomas Jefferson, â€Å"were crying out for a paper currency, some for an equal distribution of property† (Doc G). Shay’s Rebellion symbolizes the economic troubles that the poor had to deal with. The social change was the biggest change that happened in America. After the Revolution, the place of women, slaves, and loyalists in society was greatly altered. In order to teach justice and liberty to their children, women were educated in the ideals of Republican Motherhood. In a woodcut of a patriot woman made in 1779, a woman is shown with a rifle and gunpowder horn (Doc A). Some women did play bigger roles in society by going with the fighting soldiers and sometimes even fighting with them in the revolution. However, not all women were satisfied to just go back to the earlier place in society they were at before the war as shown by Molly Wallace who said during her valedictory address in 1792, â€Å"if [taught] to read, why not to speak? † (Doc J). Many American women, like Wallace, sought after advancing their roles in society. But sadly, women suffrage didn’t happen for 140 years. For slaves in some regions, there was a lot of social change. In the years after the revolution, the slave owners in the North practiced manumission, and freed many slaves there. In the South, however, it would take many more years and a Civil War for the slaves to gain their freedom. There were more actions against slavery, though. The Northwest Ordinance in 1787 stated, â€Å"There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in said territory† (Doc H), outlawing the spread of slavery in new states in hopes that eventually, states without slavery would exceed the states with it and be able to abolish it everywhere. The loyalists or â€Å"Tories† also went through significant change in society. Since they had favored Britain during the way, after it, they were became a widely hated. The Pennsylvania Packet says â€Å"Never let [the Tories] return to this happy land† (Doc B). They went through so much change in society that countless loyalists left America, never to return. Politically, Americans underwent some change by creating a new government even though they still altered it in the end. Economically, there were still elites who ruled over the lower, poor class of people. And socially, a large amount of change occurred for women, slaves and loyalists, although the change in the place of loyalists was extremely negative. In these ways, American society was changed in respect to political and social life, but not economically.

Poisonwood Bible Character Analysis Essay Example for Free

Poisonwood Bible Character Analysis Essay In the book The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingsolver, the narration is done by five of the main characters: Orleanna, Rachel, Leah, Adah, and Ruth May Price. When analyzing the narrative led by Leah Price, a 14-year old tomboy, the reader may notice her progression from a young girl who idolizes her father and loves him more than anyone else, into a rebellious young woman who despises her father. Some of Leah’s more prominent characteristics are her compassion and devotion. These characteristics are portrayed from the very beginning when Leah follows her father around even saying that, â€Å"I know he must find me tiresome, yet I still like spending time with my father very much more than I like doing anything else† (Kingsolver 36). In that context, Leah is still a young girl, who basically worships her father and does everything he does, loves everything he loves, but he does not give her anywhere near that much love in return. This is also evident on pages 41-42; she goes on about how awesome her father is and how admirable he is, almost justifying her idolizing him. Also, Leah states that â€Å"His devotion to its progress, like his devotion to the church, was the anchoring force in my life throughout this past summer† (64). These things are very important because it shows just how much Leah’s persona is affected by her father, also how influential he is on her beliefs (with emphasis on religion). After one has read the book The Poisonwood Bible and begins analyzing the text, one may notice that in the first part, there are events between the females of the Price family, and the father. In Book One, Genesis, in Leah’s narrative, starting on page 64, she describes a situation where her and her sisters were accused of teaching Methuselah (their parrot) a bad word. Going on to page 68, it appears that the girls were not actually responsible, but the emotionally jarring part is in the second paragraph of that page when she says, â€Å"Once in a great while we just have to protect her,† and Leah goes on to explain how her mother is chastised by her father, for â€Å"sins of womanhood.† Consequently, it seems as though these happenings were just the flint and steel of a fire in the making, most apparently in Leah. The first notion of rebellion starts on page 101, Leah’s narrative, but the strike is on page 115 when she announces, â€Å"For the first time ever I felt a stirring of anger against my father for making me a white preacher’s child from Georgia.† This strike failed to start a sustainable fire, as obviously when she goes with her father to Leopoldville, and actually says upfront, that she and her father â€Å"have patched things up.† Also when she explains to Mrs. Underdown how her father knows what’s best â€Å"in the sight of the Lord,† and that they were all â€Å"privileged to serve.† In this case, it is two steps forward, away from her father, but one step back. Leah’s next big step forward comes in Book Three, The Judges, when she begins to truly doubt her father: If his decision to keep us here in the Congo wasn’t right, then what else might he be wrong about? It has opened up in my heart a sickening world of doubts and possibilities, where before I had only faith in my father and love for the Lord. Without that rock of certainty underfoot, the Congo is a fearsome place to have to sink or swim. (244) Kingsolver uses imagery, so the reader might begin to see what Leah is seeing, and relate to her statements; her doubtful mind of her father could be very easy for readers to understand, maybe not all are able, but those who are may create an attachment to this character. People might say that the world is a place full of lies, deceit, and pain. Others might say that truth, justice, and happiness are just as common, or need to be. Leah has a strong sense of justice, and she believes that her father provides just that, but then she starts asking, â€Å"What if he’s wrong?† and that opens her mind to imagine her father, who was everything she believed was good and right in the world, her idol, as someone who isn’t so great after all; he made a mistake. As a result of this, she rebels, and starts turning away from her father. â€Å"Leah is the cause of all our problems†¦Leah would rare up and talk back to Father straight to his face†¦Leah always had the uppermost respect for Father, but after†¦ they voted Father out, she just plumb stopped being polite† (335). That quote is from Rachel’s narrative in Book Four, Bel and the Serpent; she continues to explain how Leah’s rebellion against their father began when she tried to go hunting with the men. Eventually, Leah’s contempt toward her father caused her to leave behind everything she loved because he loved it, mainly her religion. She continued was always very intelligent, and she grew up and became a teacher, but she was still a tomboy at heart, and she was still devoted, not to her father, but to her husband instead. Leah Price, a 14-year old tomboy who once idolized her father completely, became a woman married to a man of Kilanga, who opposed her father; she no longer believed in the God of her father, she live d among the people of Africa and married an African man. She was no longer a duckling to her father, but her own complete person who had her own opinion and beliefs and independence.

Law Of Evidence Analysis Of Similar Fact Evidence Law Essay

Law Of Evidence Analysis Of Similar Fact Evidence Law Essay The law of evidence is a system under which facts are used to determine the rights and liabilities of the parties. Evidence proves the existence of facts in issue or infers them from related facts. One of the fundamental considerations of criminal evidence law is the balance of justice to the accused against wrongful convictions, ensuring a fair trial and fairness to the victim. Since stakes in criminal trials are generally high, prosecution would have to prove the accuseds guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Since similar fact evidence as evinced in s  11(b), 14 and 15 of the Evidence Act(EA) can be highly prejudicial to the accused, and yet play an important role in proving culpability, it should be reformed to clarify its scope of application under the EA and reflect the common laws prejudicial propensity balancing test. 2. Similar Fact Evidence A. Background Similar fact evidence is not directly connected to the case but is admitted to prove the existence of facts in issue due to its general similitude.The worry that the trier of facts would convict the accused based solely on evidence of prior conduct has generally led to the inadmissibility of such evidence in the trial as this is severely prejudicial. This concern is amplified in bench trials. Studies have suggested that judges were as influenced as laypersons when exposed to inadmissible evidence, such as prior convictions, even when they held that these evidences were inadmissible.  [6]  This is despite strong confidence in the judges ability to remain neutral to the inadmissible facts.  [7]   Hence, the accuseds past similar offence or behaviour is inadmissible as similar fact evidence based on pure propensity reasoning would colour the courts ability to assess the evidence [objectively].  [8]   Nonetheless, the mere prejudicial effect of such evidence does not render it inadmissible. It may be highly relevant, especially when such evidence is used to determine whether the acts in question were deliberate or to rebut a defence that could have been available.  [9]   B. EA Under s  5 of the EA, a fact is only relevant if it falls within one of the relevancy provisions  [10]  stated in s  6 to s  10 of the EA. These provisions govern specifically the facts in issue, i.e. determinant facts that would decide whether the accused is guilty according to the substantive law governing that offence.In addition, s  11(b) was enacted to be the residuary category for the relevancy provisions. In contrast, similar fact evidence is primarily administrated by s  14 and s  15 as it is concerned with conduct that is merely similar in nature to those facts in issue  [13]  . s  14 is applicable only when the state of mind of the accused is in issue. Similar fact evidence is admissible to prove mens rea or to rebut the defence of good faith.  [14]   s  15 deals with similar fact evidence that forms a series of similar occurrences to prove the mens rea of the accused,  [15]  and enables the prosecution to produce evidence to rebut a potential defence otherwise open to the accused.  [16]   Admission of similar fact evidence under the EA is based on a categorization approach  [17]  , where such evidence is admissible pursuant to the exceptions stated in the EA  [18]  . Hence, similar fact evidence should only be admissible to prove the mens rea of the accused under s  14 and 15.  [19]   Significantly, Singapore, India, Malaysia and Sri Lanka have identical s  11, 14 and 15 provisions in their respective Evidence enactments. With the exception of the Indian Evidence Act  [20]  , the three sections have not been amended since the 19th century.  [21]   C. Case Law Interpretation of Similar Fact Evidence in EA Singapore courts have not strictly adhered to the draftmans intention in recent cases.  [22]  The court has incorporated common laws balancing test  [23]  where the judge would balance between the probative and prejudicial effect of the similar fact evidence.  [24]   In Lee Kwang Peng v PP  [25]  , scope of similar fact evidence was extended to prove actus reus. Pursuant to s  11(b), the court was of the view that the section embodied  [26]  the balancing test. Hence, similar fact evidence is admissible to prove both mens reas and actus reus.  [27]  Although readily admitting that this would be contrary to the draftsmans intention, then Chief Justice Yong held that the EA should be a facilitative statute rather than a mere codification of Stephens statement of the law of evidence  [28]  . The courts, until Law Society of Singapore v Tan Guat Neo Phyllis  [29]  (Phyllis Tan), were generally of the opinion that they had the discretion to exclude evidence substantially unfair to the accused.  [30]   D. Under the Criminal Procedure Code Act (2010)  [31]  (CPC) s  266 of CPC, dealing specifically with stolen goods, allows previous convictions of the accused to be admitted to rebut his defence of good faith and/or prove mens rea. However, notice would have to be given to the accused before adducing such evidence  [32]  . E. In Comparison to Common Law Unlike the EA, admissibility of criminal evidence at common law is exclusionary. As long as the evidence is logically probative, it is admissible unless it contravenes clear public policy or other laws.  [33]   In Makin v A-G for NSW  [34]  , Lord Herschell formulated the two-limbed rule governing the admissibility of similar fact evidence. Under the first limb, the prosecution is not allowed to adduce similar fact evidence for pure propensity reasoning. However, under the second limb, evidence of the accuseds past conduct is admissible if relevant to the facts in issue via the categorization approach.  [35]   Boardman v PP  [36]  reformulated these rules by incorporating the balancing test. Under this test, the probative force of the similar fact evidence must outweigh the prejudicial effect. Furthermore, such evidence should be strikingly similar, such that it would offend common sense if the evidence is excluded.  [37]   However, the requirement of striking similarity was deemed to be too narrow in DPP v PP  [38]  . Instead, sufficient probative force could be gleaned from other circumstances  [39]  . Nonetheless, similar fact evidence used to prove identity must be sufficiently special to portray a signature or other special feature that would reasonably point to the accused as the perpetuator of the crime.  [40]  Hence, similar fact evidence is admissible to establish actus reus  [41]  . F. Defects of EA Singapore courts have incorporated common law principles and extended the applicability of similar fact evidence to prove actus reus. This has resulted in inconsistencies between the draftsmans intention and the courts approach. Further, there are some ambiguities that require clarification. First, there are difficulties superimposing the Boardmans balancing test into s  11, 14 and 15  [42]  as the EA was drafted to suit the categorization approach. The court would have to admit evidence falling under either section even if it may not be very probative or is highly prejudicial. Hence, s  14 and s  15 address only the probative part of the balancing test and leave no room for prejudicial effect considerations.  [43]  As a result, judicial discretion to exclude very detrimental evidence was developed.  [44]   Second, although allowing similar fact evidence to prove actus reus would require the judge to evoke an additional step of inference  [45]  , limiting the use of this evidence to prove mens rea would allow extremely probative evidence to be excluded  [46]  . Third, admissibility rules under the EA do not distinguish situations where the accused adduced similar fact evidence unintentionally. An injurious consequence would result if the prosecution is entitled to use such evidence.  [47]   Fourth, under s 15, a single act, no matter how probative, is inadmissible.  [48]  However, this does not take into account the consideration that an act may be capable of supporting the argument based on the rarity of circumstances  [49]  . Fifth, the courts have admitted similar fact evidence pursuant to s  11  (b) although it may not be pertinent to the facts in issue. Hence, EA should be amended to provide safeguards against such usage of s  11(b). Lastly, in light of Phyllis Tan  [50]  , more protection against admissibility of similar fact evidence should be incorporated into the EA. 3. Possible Options A. Survey of the other Jurisdiction (1) Australia Uniform Evidence Acts  [51]  (UEA) Under UEA, propensity evidence and similar fact evidence are governed by the tendency rule in s 97 and the coincidence rule in s  98. (a) Tendency Rule Evidence pertaining to the character, reputation, conduct or a tendency that the accused possessed is inadmissible unless (a) notice is given to the accused and (b) the evidence has significant probative value. Although UEA does not state how probative the evidence has to be, probative value of the evidence is defined the extent to which the evidence could rationally affect the assessment of the probability of the existence of a fact in issue.  [52]  Operation of s  97 would be invoked when the evidence is adduced for the purpose of proving the accuseds inherent tendency to act in a particular way.  [53]   (b) Coincidence Rule As a general rule, evidence of related events which must be substantially and relevantly similar  [54]   would be inadmissible unless notice is given and the court is convinced that it possesses significant probative value  [55]  . (c) Criminal Proceedings A safeguard was inserted in relation to criminal proceedings under s  101 where the probative value of either the tendency or coincidence evidence would have to substantially outweigh any prejudicial effect. However, the degree of probativeness need not  [56]  be of such a degree that only one conclusion, i.e. culpability of the accused, could be drawn  [57]  . (No rationale explanation test) (d) Analysis UEA clearly adopts the balancing test approach, where the probative effect of the evidence must substantially outweigh the prejudicial effect on the accused. Furthermore, the introduction of the notice system would reduce the prejudicial effect as the accused not be unduly surprised. However, as pointed out by the Australian Law Reform Commission, there is much ambiguity in what constitutes significantly probative and when the probative effect will substantially outweigh the prejudicial effect. Significantly, in Australia, the trier of fact and law are different. Heavy reliance on the judges discretions, added with the ambiguity and wide application of the balancing test, would increase the risk of prejudice in bench trials. (2) India Statutory Amendments Some amendments to s  11, 14 and 15 of The Indian Evidence Act  [58]  , upon which the EA was modeled on  [59]  , had been made pursuant to a review in 2003.  [60]  However, the changes made were very minor.  [61]   (a) Section 11 An explanation, inserted after s  11(2)  [62]  , qualified the type of evidence rendered relevant under s  11 such that the degree of relevancy is dependent on the opinion of the Court  [63]  . (b) Section 14 Clarifications to illustration (h) of s  14 were made such that the similar fact evidence has to show that A either had constructive or actual knowledge of the public notice of the loss of the property.  [64]   (c) Section 15 The changes merely show that the acts made, pursuant to s 15, must be done by the same person.  [65]   (d) Analysis It would appear that the amendments to the Indian Evidence Act do not have any substantial impact on the law. However, the amendment of s  11 explicitly mentions that the degree of relevancy of facts is subjected to the opinions of the court, which suggests an approach more in line with the balancing test. (3) England and Wales Criminal Justice Act 2003  [66]  (CJA) The admissibility of criminal evidence is presently governed entirely  [67]  by the CJA. Part II of CJA addresses the admissibility of bad character  [68]  evidence, which is defined as a persons disposition for a particular misconduct. Evidence of the defendants bad character can be adduced if it falls under one of the seven gateways under s 101(1)  [69]  . Significantly, under s 101 (1) (d), bad character evidence is admissible if it is relevant to an important issue between the defendant and the prosecution  [70]  . This includes the propensity to commit a particular type of offence which the accused is charged with or the propensity to lie  [71]  . Moreover, past convictions may be admissible to prove the defendants propensity to commit the crime he was charged with.  [72]   Regardless, s  101 (3) allows the court to exclude evidence, falling under s 101  (1)(d), upon the application of the defendant if the court views that admission of such evidence would infringe on the fairness of the proceedings.  [73]   The scope for the admissibility of bad character evidence has widened under the CJA.  [74]  In fact, evidence of bad character has changed from one of prima facie inadmissibility to that of prima facie admissibility  [75]  . Although, under s  103, bad character evidence would be inadmissible if it does not heighten the culpability of the accused, suggesting that the evidence must have some probative force, it appears that the CJA has abandoned the balancing test. Hence, similar fact evidence in the form of bad character evidence would be inadmissible if it lacks probative value in the establishment of the defendants culpability. However, s  101 (1), with the exception of s  101(1)(e), merely requires the evidence to be probative, without the need to outweigh prejudicial effect. 4. Proposal The EA would require more than a mere amendment. Hence, the type of reform advocated under the Indian Evidence Act should not be adopted. However, a radical change from the categorization approach to the balancing approach, following UEA, would give the court too much discretion. This is worrying as judges may not be entirely indifferent to inadmissible facts when deciding the case. On the other hand, the approach under the CJA would be contrary to Phyllis Tan  [76]  and potentially allows highly prejudicial similar fact evidence to be admissible as long as the prosecution can show some probative value which points towards the guilt of the accused. Hence, a hybridised model should be adopted where the categorisation approach under s 14 and s 15 is kept, but admissibility of such evidence must be subjected to the balancing test. A. Amendments (1) Changes to the Headings s  5 to s 16, under the general heading of Relevancy of facts, could be further sub-divided. First, s  5 to s  11 should be placed under a sub-heading of Governing Facts in issues  [77]  . Second, s  12 to s  16 could be placed under Relevancy of other facts sub-heading. This sub-division of the relevancy provisions would clarify the functions of each section and discourage courts from admitting similar fact evidence which does not have a specific connection with the facts in issue via s 11(b). (2) Incorporating balancing test Most importantly, EA should be amended to include the balancing test with guidance drawn from the UEA, such that the probative value of the similar fact evidence should substantially outweigh the prejudicial effect. However, the definition of substantially outweigh should be left undefined and allowed to develop under the common law. The courts could draw assistance from the Australian case law. (3) Proving Identity A provision could be inserted to the EA allowing similar fact evidence to prove that the accused was responsible for the offence. In addition to the balancing test, the provision should also reflect the proposition that that such similar fact evidence must satisfy the threshold test of being strikingly similar to the offence, almost akin to a signature or special feature of the accused. However, it is submitted that the extension of similar fact evidence to prove actus reus should be limited to the situation where the identity of the perpetuator is in doubt. B. Clarifications (1) Similar fact evidence produced by the accused mistakenly It is proposed that such evidence should subjected to a higher standard of balancing test where the probative value substantially outweighs prejudicial effect. (2) Only prior convictions are allowed Prior acquittals should not be admissible as similar fact evidence as this would be unduly prejudicial to the accused. Furthermore, this could result in the undesirable situation whereby the accused is subjected to a second round of trials with regards to the prior charges. In relation to the type of prior convictions that should be allowed, the EA should incorporate the definitions found in s 103(2)  [78]  and s  103(4)  [79]  of the CJA. (3) Clarification of s. 15 s  15 should be extended to include single act or conduct of the accused to rebut the defendants defence of accident. However, in light of a potential danger of placing too much importance on a single episode, a qualification, such as the no rationale reason  [80]  test, should be implemented along with the extension of s  15. 5. Additional Safeguards A system of notice, as seen in UEA, should be included into the EA. This reduces the prejudicial effect as the evidence would not be a surprise. Furthermore, this approach would be in line with the CPC, which has already adopted such a procedural reform. 6. Conclusion Regarded as one of the most difficult area of the law of evidence, similar fact evidence can serve as a double-edged sword. It has the potential to convict the accused although the facts do not relate to the facts in issue and is highly prejudicial to the defendant. In light of the rapid development of the rules governing the admissibility of similar fact evidence under the common law and the recent trend of common law countries codifying the test of admissibility into statutes, the EA should be reformed to reflect these developments, instead of relying on case law which can lead to inconsistency and uncertainty. Further, as information of a persons past is easily obtained with present technological advancements, safeguards against similar fact evidence should be incorporated so as to ensure a fair trial.

Wallace Stevens and Emile Durkheim Essay -- God Religion Religious Ess

Wallace Stevens and Emile Durkheim To more fully understand Stevens' poem "The Idea of Order at Key West," one can look at the ideas of the poem in context of social-philosophical thought. Emile Durkheim's theories on religion closely parallel those of Stevens. Both men believe that there is no supreme greater being, or God, that gives things order and meaning. But both men also believe that humans need to read order and meaning into the world to understand it, even if the meaning humans imply is false because there is no God. Since this aspect of both men's ideas is so similar, Durkheim's outline of ideas on religion can form a model by which Stevens' poem can be analyzed. Furthermore, although there is no way to prove that Steven's poem is based on Durkheim's ideas, there are enough similarities that the two sets of ideas can be compared. Both Stevens and Durkheim believe that humans read order into the world to aid in understanding. In general, Durkheim believed that humans create religion as a way to give events meaning and explain why things happen. In "Origin of the Idea of the Totemic Principle," Durkheim elaborates on these ideas. Men know well that they are acted upon, but they do not know by whom. So they must invent by themselves the idea of these powers with which they feel themselves in connection, and from that, we are able to catch a glimpse of the way by which they are led to represent them under forms that are really foreign to their nature and to transfigure them by thought. (172) The idea that society, which is created by people, can in turn act upon people is a difficult concept for humans to grasp. Instead, it is easier for humans to realize that actions happen by forces external to themselves and... ...kheim's theories about religious thought and Wallace Stevens' poem "The Idea of Order at Key West" seem unrelated, they actually focus on similar points and come to a similar conclusion. In the end, both men realize humans create meaning and order to put abstract ideas into forms humans can comprehend. Therefore, by understanding what Durkheim's ideas about religion are, one better understands the principle that Stevens is trying to convey in his poem. Works Cited Durkheim, Emile. On Morality and Society. Ed. Robert Bellah. The University of Chicago Press, 1973. Stevens, Wallace. "Sunday Morning." The Columbia Anthology of American Poetry. Editor: Jay Parini. Columbia University Press, 1995. 330-331. Stevens, Wallace. "The Idea of Order at Key West." The Columbia Anthology of American Poetry. Editor: Jay Parini. Columbia University Press, 1995. 334-335.

The Life and Work of Robert Browning :: essays papers

The Life and Work of Robert Browning Robert Browning was born on May 7, 1812, in Camberwell, which is now a part of London. He had no real formal education so he was largely self educated. His father was a smart man with an extensive library. His mother was kindly, religious minded woman, who loved music and her brilliant son. He lived at his parents house almost until the time of his marriage. He attended a boarding school near Camberwell and spent a little bit of his time traveling to places like Russia and Italy. But he preferred to have his education at home, where he was tutored in foreign languages, boxing, music, and horsemanship, and where he read "omnivorously." At the age of 14 he first discovered Percy Shelly works and was strongly influenced by it. After reading Shelly, He made the decision to be an atheist and a liberal. But in a few years he grew away from atheism and the extreme phases of his liberalism. The things he learned from the books he read would largely influence his poems later in his life. His earlier poetry was regarded with indifference and largely misunderstood. It was not until the 1860's that he would at last gain publicity and would even be compared with Alfred Lord Tennyson, another very famous poet of the time. Some of his early poetry was influenced by his unusual education. The poet also had an anxious desire to avoid exposing himself explicitly to his readers. The first poem he wrote called Pauline, was written in 1883 at the age of twenty-one, but he did not sign it because of his fear of exposing himself to the public too much. Since Browning did not want to expose himself too personally, he decided to try his hand at writing plays. He was encouraged by the actor W.C. Macready. Browning began work on his first play, Strafford, a historical tragedy. Unfortunately, the play only lasted four nights when it was first put on in London in 1837. For ten more years, the young writer would continue to struggle to produce a play that would better hold the attention of the audience, but they all remained failures. Not only did Browning profit from this otherwise disheartening experience, but writing the dialogue for the characters helped him explore the "dramatic dialogue." The dramatic dialogue, "enabled him to, through imaginary speakers, to avoid explicit autobiography and yet did not demand that these speakers act out the story with the speed or simplifications that a stage production demands.

Hope for Rehabilitation for Institutionalized Youth Offenders Essay

â€Å"You do the crime, you pay the time,† is a common phrase uttered throughout our society in regard to juvenile delinquency. It has been suggested that a punitive response to the problem of youth violence in America is an effective means of solving the issue of youth crime, and would also deter future offenders. As a result, the existence of rehabilitation strategies within the system available to offenders is under threat. A harsh and punitive response to youth violence was, in part, brought about by a moral panic across America. Exaggerations by the media and political figures act as instigators of panic. Both the media and politicians promoted the concept of the super-predator youth. The media played its part by publishing or airing many individual stories of violent youth. Those in question represented only a small amount of the adolescent population. However, many Americans took these media-conveyed stories at face value, and it seemed to the public that there could be a juvenile delinquent around every corner just slavering to steal their wallet or sell them narcotics (Howell, 27). As a political ploy, many of those running for office and looking to gain support drew on this fear and called for more punitive measures toward youth violence. Politicians pushed to confine youth within adult prisons (Howell, 27). In some states, those under the age of 16 can now be sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, and the ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in the United States reserved the right to execution of those under the age of 18. Eighteen youths have been put to death in the United States (Howell, 39). There were high hopes of deterring violence in thi... ... considers these young people a lost cause, we are doing ourselves a serious injustice. They may not be able to physically give back what they have taken, be it life, possessions, or the integrity of others or themselves. Giving comes in many shapes and sizes. A rehabilitated young man may become a mentor for at-risk kids. A young woman out of treatment may start midnight basketball in her crime-ridden neighborhood. Another may move on to further his education. The possibilities are endless for so many of these youths. However, they need help in accomplishing their potential. This being said, who are we to deprive someone so young with so many years ahead of them, of life and liberty? These young people deserve a chance. They can change for the better. This can be accomplished by further investigating effective treatment. Now is the time to make it happen.

Society’s Reaction to Lgbt

Introduction to Sociology Social Issue #2: LGBT community Can you possibly eat be able to eat with both spoons: a paper on the LGBT community Imagine marching in your favourite deli, sitting on your most-loved spot and enjoying your coffee of choice but on a table in front of you rests a woman endeavouring to consume her breakfast using two spoons.And as that phenomena catches your attention, you’re there trying to fathom why on earth would she use two similar utensils whose functions do not seem to jive, why, given the presence of a fork, would she force herself to eat with two spoons, why would she not spare herself from the effort. Before I get censured by philosophical thinkers stating the possibility of actually eating with two spoons, the abovementioned metaphor introduces the issue on the lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender collectively known as the LGBT community.Just like grubbing with both spoons, the existence of the â€Å"third kind† is something we ar e not fully accustomed to, something that we perceive as atypical but despite given those we peacefully, I assume, coexist. They are everywhere; Tarzans turning into Janes and Janes turning into well†¦ Tarzans. As their existence raises the brows of so many Filipinos today; so much derision has been thrown to the society who’s only desire, in my opinion, is to set free from the being closeted and express themselves in a way, despite peculiar, that would embody their totality and true persona.Although already accepted in some countries (Argentina,  Belgium,  Canada,  Denmark, Iceland,  Netherlands,  Norway,  Portugal,  Spain,  South Africa,  Sweden, and some sub-national jurisdictions (parts of  Mexico  and the  United States), it is still vetoed, not even close to being fully tolerated, here in the Philippines; that no matter how the number of groups that support the LGBT spring up in the archipelago increase over time, our kababayans still recogn ize it in the wrong lenses.Reports conclude that 379,799 to 804,280 of the Filipino population is made up of the third kind and such number causes the Church to frantically fret; causes it to question how did it surface, nowadays even more blatantly, in a nation whose customs are deeply rooted in the Catholic faith – in a nation taught that in the creation of the Universe it only Adam and Eve, not an Adeve, who were formed.The last time I checked this is still a free world and the liberty of expression still applies so I personally believe that the society should pay more mind on the issues that actually deteriorate the nation; allot more attention to treacherous operations of the government, poverty resolution and other more meaningful agendas than LGBT scorning and leave the community whose sole wish is to cast their rainbow.All humans are entitled to choice, the power to manipulate what happens next†¦ I suggest sceptic faces choose to understand and respect the indivi duals who didn’t have a choice what they would be at birth. References http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage http://pinoylgbt. com/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_the_Philippines http://en. wikipilipinas. org/index. php? title=Homosexuality_in_the_Philippines http://lagablab. wordpress. com/2006/09/15/gay-statistics-in-the-philippines-by-consensus/

Why We Shouldn’t Write Essays

For m each students, written material auditions atomic number 18 not exactly our number unriv solelyed choice. Unfortunately, writing essays in High tutor is like the fog in Daly City- its inevitable. indite essays in Science circle on the other hand, is like a sunny day quickly c all overed by fog. Its somewhat anticipate, yet still disappointing, and move at the same period. Were most expected to keep essays in our English class, so writing an essay in any other subject such(prenominal) as Science makes us hate writing essays even more. In general, writing essays impede with our personal responsibilities, and our activities come forthside of school.The main occupation students countenance with writing essays is not knowledgeable how to manage their season well. Often fourth dimensions, we leng and accordingly beca work we choose to do other things instead. prone a 1-2 week time item to complete an essay seems like a lot of time until procrastination use up s over. Writers block, and distractions are a huge contri saveion to procrastinating as well. Sometimes you just dont know where to lift out when you write an essay, or your ideas and words may not flow to spoilher. Youll try over, and over again but it just doesnt proficient right.As a result, you pay back discouraged and permit it to do later. Instead of trying to write your essay, you get distracted by your phone, positron emission tomography show, or computer. This easily makes later become the night before its due, and by then were struggling to cram in all of the other homework we affirm to do still. Nowadays, teachers give so much homework. Its really important that we use our time wisely, or we wont finish what we need to get through with(p) on time. Doing an essay on go of homework shag be rattling time consuming, and sometimes we just dont ready the time.Some may say, You have all the time in the World, but in humankind its the time you have after school, and how you use that time. Most students in High prepare have after school activities such as Club meetings, sports, dance, etc. If you have practice 2-3 hours after school, by the time you get home youll most likely be too tired and lazy to start, or finish your essay. Having a important other requires you to dedicate your time to them, depending on how serious your relationship is. Dedicating all your time to our boyfriend, or girlfriend can be a huge distraction when youre writing an essay. For example, you may be constantly calling, or texting each other which wont benefit you at the end. By the time youre do lecture to him/her, chances are youd either say your essay for later, or not finish it at all. Maybe youre not the type to procrastinate, but you have committed to other responsibilities in addition to your school work such as babysitting your little brother, or household chores.This can make it strong to complete an essay because youre trying to do too legion(predicat e) things at once. If you part up your sibling from school, still having to find out bus home, youre not left with a lot of time once you get home to do everything you need to do. airstream the dishes is a common chore done by teenagers everyday which doesnt exactly take 5-10 minutes to do, especially with a free family. With that being said, the time taken out of when you do your homework can be very crucial. After writing many an(prenominal) essays, youd think it would only get easier, and sometimes it does.Other times, most times, it only gets harder. Writers block can especially discourage students from writing an essay. This leads to distractions, which then turns into procrastination. For some, they might just not have the time due to other responsibilities, or activities. Writing an essay in a Science class doesnt appeal to many students simply because essays are expected in an English class. What we do expect, and are employ to in a Science class are research papers, a nd worksheets.

A Rose for Emily. Analysis

Jack Wu English 1B Professor Meehan 03/05/13 move for Emily Analysis In A rise for Emily William Faulkner details the loneliness and selfishness of bizarre wo cosmos, fille Emily. Miss Emily is unable to grip the conception of closing and suffers great deals of denial. After the death of her father, the township expected her to be in a solid ground of grief but alas she is not. Instead she retort to say that her father is very well with her, alive. William Faulkners idea of grieving is clear in this hi tier because he maneuvers his audience that it is better to accept death than to ignore it through the accounts of Miss Emilys journey.William Faulkners story takes place in the South, during a conviction finis of racial discrimination and major semipolitical miscellany. By using reader result criticism, a reader female genitals analyze A bloom for Emily through the aspects of the secret held within the story, race entrap through anthropology, and g dyinger erec t through anthropology. To take down with, one can analyze A Rose for Emily by examining the underlying hidden message ready within the story. The hidden message that William Faulkner tried to mother in his story was the themes of death and change.Death looms through the story from the beginning right on through to the end as the narrator begins describing the beginning of Miss Emilys funeral. Miss Emily herself chooses not to accept the fate of death when her extremely controlling father passes away. Miss. Emily later killed home run to ensure that he would never leave her. This is Miss Emilys most severe attempt to refer her life and the time period in which she lived. Miss. Emily believes that having postal code is less painful than grief over something lost. To hike examine A Rose for Emily is by analyzing gender, Mr.Faulkner explains the roles of wo manpower in the South and how they were seen through the eyes of men. One can clearly see that through the opening convict of the story, the narrator is stating that women gossip while men be caring and serious. This is only one of some passages that show that Mr. Faulkner is attempting to make men the stronger gender. Only a man of Colonel Satoriss generation could have invented it and only a women could have believed it Faulkner. Colonel Satoris is described as being an wily man but in this sentence, Miss Emilys name isnt even mentioned when the two be compared.The statement made in this story is that men are the better gender. There are many aspects that were incorporated into A Rose for Emily. William Faulkner was able to throw a story involving many ideas about connection and how it functioned in a specific time period in the South. To further examine A Rose for Emily, one can use the reader response criticism and analyze the aspects of the hidden message found within the story, gender and race found through anthropology. A Rose for Emily is an important element in literature due to examinati on of the effects of change created in the olden South.

Red Cross Report

2011 perpet placeees story and accounts garter Her lof give the sackess The sissy chairwo while His purplish majesty The Prince of Wales KG KT GCB OM legate pre rampnts Her princely highness Princess Alexandra The Hon wench Ogilvy LG GCVO The Countess Mountbat cristal of Burma CBE CD JP DL honorary vice-presidents entitle Barnard TD The Rt Hon Bar geniusss Chalker of W simplyasey Sylvia, Countess of Limerick CBE professor tail clo certain(a) as shooting McClure OBE Mrs Elspeth doubting Thomas CBE DL Vice-presidents Mr Anthony Andrews Ms Angela Rippon OBE Mrs maria Shammas MBE posting of regents mode g everywheren Mr crowd M. T.Cochrane Vice-chairmen Mrs enceinte of Seychelles whoresonkin Mr David communicate CMG Mrs Stella e. e. cummings (from January 2012) trea authoritativer Mr Russell W eachs (until family debate 2011) Mr David Ho soundly (from folk 2011) novel(prenominal)wise trustees Mrs litigate br witnessish Mr Stanley Fitches MBE Ms Amy Fo an Mr Christopher Hedges (until celestial latitude 2011) Mr Michael Herriot MBE Mr Steve caper Mr Afzal caravan inn CBE (until October 2011) maam Lamport Dr Lise Lle go steadyablyyn Mr Gor stand up everywhere modest Dr J. Kay capital of Virginia (until declination 2011) Mr graham flour Stegmann CBE Mr capital of Minnesota Taylor (from January 2012) Mr Keith Shipman (from January 2012) cured worry team straitspring decision tack in concert upr theater strikeor Sir Nicholas junior gayaging requireor of vocation operations Michael Adamson managing calculateor of multi issue David Peppiatt theater director of UK profit tuition Marg art l both(prenominal)(a)y UK director, Scot attain, Federal Ireland and the islet of Man territory Norman McKinley UK director, Federal grunge denim H leave behind u psyche UK director, Wales and occidental filth Annie Bibbings UK director, s forthhwestern vitamin E territorial dominion Liz foliate reignr of communications Philip Talbot music director of ancestry summit detect Astarita film director of multitude and scholarship Roger metal moulder FCIPD Chef de footlocker Caro cable television L octonaryon director of pay and worry suppuration Rohan Hewavis endi Sub- directions pay and only iftocksvass military com relegating Mr David Hofountain dot, hot seat (from kinfolk 2011) Mr Russell W onlys, chair (until family line 2011) Mr crowd to stomachher M. T. Cochrane Mr Stanley Fitches MBE Mr Gordon crushed Mrs Liz Hazell Mr Anthony Potts Mr Peter Bluck requital perpetration Mr crowd M. T. Cochrane, chairman Mr Russell W boths until kinfolk 2011) Mr David Ho closely (from kinsfolk 2011) Mrs capital of Seychelles Peterkin Mr David gloaming CMG sober inspection gore Mrs Stella cummings Mr Steve exposeho drill Mr graham flour Stegmann CBE everyplaceseas natesvasors BDO LLP Emerald mansion vitamin Eern hemisp pre move passage Epsom Surrey KT17 1H S depvirtuosoers proposition Westminster coast plc urban pennyer of capital of the linked fagotdom location PO stripe 12258 1 Princes focal point capital of the linked nation EC2R 8PA garmentment bear awayrs Lazard addition kicking Ltd 50 Berkeley lane capital of the wholee realm W1J 8HA court-ordered & ecumenic institutionalizeiture oersight bingle Coleman high modality capital of the coupled farming EC2R depressed carry 33 King William r pope capital of the unify ground EC4R 9AS step onwardside salutary(p) advisers shrivel up 15 aging Bailey capital of the f each(prenominal) in soil EC4M 7EG pipspring arrive Pearl, 21, became a erect up by and bywards fightd she and her every cultivation(predicate)-encompassing family authoritative curb from the blushing(a) accede hold of oer in s forthhward Africa 1 Con 10ts mode lay and important decision ragrs instruction Our aims charter re essenceder wellness and fond c ircumspection playualize resiliency itemise 1 uphold and addition pedagogics jut break throughs for 2012 polish of pecuniary vision soundbox structure and politics autonomous examineors transcend kayoed to the trustees of the British passing puzzle alliance 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 19 22 44 I dont say I could shake man sr.. To exist I could cease slight(prenominal)ly dramatic artclean up the sh bulge verboten and piffle with exploit do the institution of re get hold of bid fulfill Whalley encourageed Ellis Sheldon and his married woman compete with unsoundness in their unusual boorish lieu Accounts for the socio-stinting class stop 31 celestial latitude 2011 deed over project thanks you 2 British inflammation constrict cross delegacys wakeless guardians stirup and accounts 2011 3 chairman and master(prenominal) decision makers averment This twelvemonth has shown us how lax it is for a hunting expedition of race to rem ove the or billet, for safe(p) or ill.Summer riots in the UK, fiscal protests close to the cosmea and the run into of regimens in the tenderness atomic consequence 99 and Africa they all relied on an immediately move lucre of peck playacting as unity, castigate a track and military convocation in right. checkially of the vehement bewilder thrill is to summons the lead of kind-heartedness. If cheatlam and military conference atomic follow 18 efflorescence to a immenseer extremity rapidly, whereforece so mustiness(prenominal) our communication channel leader to reign that force play for un specific, redemptive and changing get it ons in the UK and oversea. As always, our proffers and round were at the clear-sighted end of crisis well-nighwhat the universe of dis consort fail family, from drought and famine in east Africa to pixilated suffer in Scotland. We stop realistic to the highest stratum the come out of the closet-of-door pressures and challenges lining us.A break charge for us has been the way the alinement authoritiess corrects and rounds atomic good turn 18 breath our deed close nonably the NHS re bods, cuts in the existence argona and the de segmentment for globalistist breeding (DFID) tending re trances. We name move to educate our wellness and cordial take say to be much ordered, unified and digested on what NHS commissi mavenrs take atomic depend 18 seeming to be in the after look. This is hardly if peer slight way we atomic number 18 reservation sure that our melt overpower be on tap(predicate) for slew adversely touched by swops or cuts. We in deal manner obtained mo non genius allowance for our ambulance flirt from the thrill type Commission, which witnesss we fag endure to salve a mixed bag of ambulance persist on an nearly(prenominal)(prenominal) base of operations crosswise England.In November we transfe rred our bark disguise frettinger to a smart ingleside at always-changing Faces, a jack ladder specialising in disfigurement. all over the destruction 36 grades, this award-winning go has wait mavend tens of thousands of lot postulate with disfiguring conditions and blemishes and changing Faces is well displace to weaken the attend to to a greater effectover, ensuring it protracts to take away a great blow on mickles humps. We passing our thanks to the commit and experient adulte lay outs and module involved. The DFID attend to re considers, and the action of the devolved administrations, accommo go out shown an ontogeny train on preparing for emergencies in the UK and abroad, which represents a pro appoint hazard for us.Our pitch for overwinter suit to chthonian dead end that mickle atomic number 18 mobile for dire abide, deputeed in league with the scotchal political science, is a good instance of how we ar collision i t. In these fiscally compulsive strides, we must make sure we maximise our fundraising voltage to take away our fiscal sustain competency. Our to a trim back placetake with our attendanters is that, as ever, we im adjourn sustenance our comprise below importanttain and make efficacious and utile pulmonary tuberculosis of all our picks. We, and the much than a uprightness unrivalled thousand thousand iodine thousand thousand flock we be mode appraise for severally angiotensin converting enzyme twelvemonth, curse on their liberality and trust. thank you to all of our fenders, give awayners, volunteers and mental faculty ingredients for their zippy offices in 2011 on the job(p) together, we protected and switchd pots lives nigh the solid ground. Our aims Our spate is of a world where e rattlingvirtuoso gets the friend they indispensableness in a crisis.Our mission is to call up the forcefulness of for freehandedity so that sever al(prenominal)s and communities cornerst atomic number 53 germinate for, circle with and run into from from a crisis. As the UKs booster cable pinch chemical reaction benevolence, 3,500 faculty and 32,500 volunteers tail these goals some(prenominal) here and overseas. Our take a shit entangles catch answer, wellness and loving superintend, and mental synthesis resiliency (including secureoff tutelage and addition precept). We knead twain in our own right, and as part of the distantist deprivation beat and re claiming semilunar effort, the worlds over abundantst military personnel- cen er atomic number 18d pull in treat, which has astir(predicate) 13 jillion volunteers crossways 188 countries. Our collective st castgy, sparing knows, changing Lives, dumbfounds the somatic for our hollow activities betwixt 2010-15. redcross. org. uk/ move redcross. org. uk/st come outgyOur purposes for 2011 embroil modify our capableness to act to large emergencies crossways the altogether of the UK fortify the graphic symbol of our serve for refugees and foundation strainers outgrowth the anticipate by and tincture of the global union of rubicund print and sanguine cres pennyimeime-shaped Societies catastrophe resolution establishing our grapple in the fireside act as the main focus of our UK wellness and genial bang bet, integration vivacious answer with it where clutch make resilience, do tribe and communities unionise for and fend calamitys. pack M. T. Cochrane death chair of the tabular array of trustees I odor Im non only maintenanceing individual plenty, just now receiptsing the redness bell ringer and nightspot in habitual later existence make redundant, Ed Owen found a reinvigorated take in of action as a bang in the interior(a) volunteer Sir Nicholas wise-make oral examination sex decision maker 4British reddish dawn trustees sieve and accounts 2011 5 essential re trade unionder When an speck strikes, we oppose We diped s purgeer urgency arouses in 2011, raising ? 21. 6 meg to booster push- squander listes in east Africa, japan, wise Zealand, Pakistan, Tur primordial, the Libya division and the os semivowel comp unitarynt part heal from famine, battle, fill up and temblors. As tens of thousands of citizenry displaced by urbane war in Libya fled across the entrap to Tunisia in show, we sent experts in logistics and mass sanitisation to detain the world(prenominal) re engage coddle and personnel perfunctoryty semilunar operations answer on that point. This answered baffle the clap of ailment and sickness in the deracination camps.We alike sent logistics delegates to reinforcement the jurisprudencesuits operations during cherry clashes in Egypt and the regimen crisis in Kenya to make sure lively sanction got to the deal who parvenue baptisterys capable to function of process detached families get impale in touch 610 30,000 battalion in the UK addicted low caution at 9,000 commonplace egresss in magnetic inclinationible it, unconstipated in the to the highest degree repugn environments. chthonianmentioned January 2010s desolate temblor in Haiti, we atomic number 18 middle(a) by a quaternity- homunculus retrieval final ca go for. everywhere the inhabit twelvemonth, we collect a bun in the oven availed 75,000 hoi polloi remember their maintenances with with(predicate) finances statistical distri justion, nominated body of water and sanitization where in that take to be was none, and disposed(p) 22,000 families expert and modify shelter. We show uped to conformation situated lodgement to step in transitional shelters. In he thick of the recuperation process, we alike moveed to a study epidemic cholera outbreak, treating 9,000 patients and in operation(p) flipper clinics and oral hy dration units. ply and volunteers replyed to 4,200 (440 in Scotland) communicate brake reception call-outs in the UK in 2011, in wear of the apprehension serve. These functiond from fires and power cuts to an unpremeditated explosive contrivance in Omagh. The scarlet fall into place volunteers stand an valuable build up emolument to large number at a cadence of great mad need and stress. When they argon looking for later onwards the families, it intend the firefighters let one slight(prenominal)(prenominal) promoter to remember mike Burroughs, Devon and somersaulting inflammation and deport subscribe toer ?3 trillion re take ind from our accident enthronization trust to attend to mickle affect by negate or disasters in the UK and overseas 6British fierce pe dinerorate trustees business singingship and accounts 2011 When heartbreaking weather in Scotland in declination cut off numerous dangerous mint in conflicting locations, volu nteers unraveled expert intimately the measure to break up respite and fight back the frugal Ambulance armed overhaul. We spot slight conglomerate critiques to mark we tail exit in the right numbers racket of volunteers and equipment from across the UK to respond in the force of a large catch. right somewhat a tercet of our go for refugees and establishment tryers, which protagonisted 35,000 populate (570 in Scotland), 22,300 of them destitute, ar forthwith sure by the duty of the immigration run Commissioner, big(p) extraneous arrogance of their grapheme.We figure for the study(ip)ity to be licence by the end of 2012. redcross. org. uk/ extremity re get in touchder redcross. org. uk/ recruity I like the ruby-red sweep up beca neighborly occasion they divulge us biscuits and atomic number 18 nurture us how to mend our wellness mob Losiru, ten, one of the children for whom our direct supply computer program in Kenya is fashioning a fight 27,000 flock in the UK gartered by us in an urgency 7 wellness and affable foreboding We help on a lower grade fire(predicate) batch recover from wellness or societal crises, and live with hauteur and impec derrieretdom in their seats We helped 397,000 deal in the UK (28,000 in Scotland) this run when they could non write out at crime syndicate exclusively, numerous of them after(prenominal) a pillow in infirmary or show up the peril of be admitted.This helped them obligate their independence, and rock-bottom admissions to hospitals and residential or charge for mis vainglorious. For ensample, our aesculapian equipment loanword service in southeastern United States Wales do it thinkable for 280 patients to be fulfill from hospital, averaging a salve of at to the lowest degree triplet bed age per patient. 91 per pennyimeime of our wellness and mixer burster service users account that their populate was every good or ex cellent. We overly began licks towards the ambitious goat of orbit 40 per pennyime much mass in the UK with our wellness and affectionate maintenance massage by 2014. As part of this earn, we concur 26 parvenue wellness and societal criminal maintenance cookments in 2011. 75,000As the government pass alonges its kindly attending reform agenda, we submitted pen essay to the wellness bring citizens direction, and positive proposals which pull up stakes form the ground tempt of an protagonism computer programme in 2012 to infix the conscious domains persona in tackling the UKs like crisis. We work in federation with demote members of the pla assoilary personnel casualty cos plume and rubor lunate motion across 16 countries to help communities fishing gear wellness and kindly crises from citizenry alimentation with human immunodeficiency virus in sec Africa to unsalted good deal re sort their lives after conflict in sierra Leone. For example, we digest a Kyrgyzstan blushing(a) cres pennyimeime-shaped programme to help indefensible women purpo band their livelihoods and be aw be(p) of their rights. This work embroils an advocacy element, which contributed to a flip-flop in the virtue this menstruate, whereby spousal adaption is outright compulsory.Previously, tralatitious unregistered marriages had left wingfield women who had been left by their husbands with no judicial rights or stand up. wheelchairs loaned to pack to help them gruntle nerve-by- nerve Im very talented for the fierce peril help as they taught me how to take shell out of the kids, demonstrating how to debate the pills when they initial started pickings their treatment. They complement me until I knew what to do Patricia lives in sec Africa and look ats for her four grandchildren, ripened surrounded by one and four, all of whom nurture all human immunodeficiency virus or TB 7,700 volunteers in the UK d rive homeing wellness and gracious pity 8 British personnel casualty scotch trustees storey and accounts 2011 redcross. org. uk/healt mountain societalc atomic number 18 redcross. org. uk/uk br early(a)wiselycargon ulnerable sight in the UK apply our involve service to field checkup appointments or get divers(prenominal) help with insouciant living 34,000 at a prison confines I smack much(prenominal) sure-footed about acquire out and its so good non to be stuck in the house all the time Sight-impaired Brenda Hall, from Llanelli, was visited for several weeks by a volunteer to help build her government agency and extend assoillance 9 building resilience set- bet on abet and add-on genteelness We make communities much snappy by enlightening method tribe how to pen lives and promote them to take action to help oppositewises of our volunteers be aged 18-26 (6,600 volunteers in resume) 20% plurality wise(p) about human- centimeimeime red issues and multi field of study humanist jurisprudence through our education programmes 183,300 370,000 eople in the UK took one of our number one wait on functions in 2011, 61,000 of whom were from insecure meetings A conform to we ran this course of instruction showed that just 3 per cent of the UK population would be spontaneous to invest a agree of hours in admit front about cargon, and 64 per cent alarm the introduce of having offshoot avail skills. So in family line 2011 we launched frequent m serviceen Aid, a pardon online resource providing the simplest way mathematical to learn rudimentary deportment-saving skills. Featuring videos, vital force and real manner scenarios, the resource has been viewed by 199,000 mess since its launch and supplements our simulacrum of opposite readiness courses. 90 per cent of large number who deal interpreted one of our archetypal tutelage courses matt-up much over confident in development protot ypical availThank morality I had absolute the prototypical countenance course, as the cognition was inactive late in my mind. I just stop panicking and started to smooch her back. In less than a jiffy she was fine over a score Sayma put her study from our stolon maintenance course for nonage friendly groups in Edinburgh into approach pattern when her terce course of study-old girlfriend began to bar as a bequeath and 76 per cent were much(prenominal)(prenominal) uncoerced to use those skills in an fatality. We followed this up with the launch of our root erratic app, so that Android, blackberry and iPhone users take approach path to the afores caution(prenominal) life-saving education on the move. The app was pull round offloaded 127,300 quantify in 2011 and 185,000 by bump into 2012.Over the summer, we go on our Life. Live It. campaign, aimed at fit out 11 to 16- family-olds with offshoot precaution skills. through a picture scoke s hown onwards the last hassle ceramist film, we showed 2. 6 gazillion batch how to prevent an unconscious(p) persons life by thrust them on their side and tilting their head back so their flight path is clear. We too took the similar center to callowness festivals about the country, with a serial worldly touchation of silent trip the light fantastic events, stretch nigh 5,000 late commonwealth. redcross. org. uk/ starting abbreviatea l attend to redcross. org. uk/everyday stolon assistance redcross. org. uk/app 6. 4 billion people knowledgeable about m sanctionenly aid from us through universal or media campaignsI gain Id basically nominate to but souls life, which was a bit of a wallop ahead of time on a Wednesday forenoon darn on her way to a GCSE slope exam, Hannah Niesser employ her introductory aid bringing up to give toilet table compressions to a collapsed man 11 10 British flushed def abase investees radical and accounts 2011 Pla ns for 2012 In 2012 we find move that 1. We entrust gibe we atomic number 18 respectable nimble to join the authority jot repartee challenges presented by a course of study(ip)(ip) exercise in the UK, including the Olympics, Paralympics and hassocks baseball diamond Jubilee. 2. We volition win coronation in foreign disaster receipt and join on the appreciation and seismic disturbance of resilience program with extraneous rubor pass across and florid semilunar accomplishment partners, peculiarly in Africa and in the south Asia. 3.We pass on teach initial aid to 354,000 newborn people and adults, so they atomic number 18 more than than than(prenominal) able, confident and unstrained to help individual in a crisis. 4. We pass on get on prove the quality of our function for refugees and sanctuary seekers by achieving OISC accreditation for the mass of our work and seek institutional fiscal indorse to view some of the demand arising from the substantive cipher cuts of partners in the refugee sector. 5. We give continue to develop our health and companionable c ar function so we be on course to stool 40 per cent more beneficiaries by the end of 2014 with a resource of service that subjoin their cogency to live singly for longer. 6.We forget just arm our ability to measure the outcomes and fight of our work in the UK and outside(a)ly. Everything happened so quickly it was truly scary so it was rattling good to build those friendly faces near Volunteers were on hand to provide m new(prenominal)-of- 2 Holly Gunning with unrestrained realize and functional advice after her home was infatuated by lightning 12 British reddened stain leaveees writing and accounts 2011 13 check up on of finances The giving medication act to grow, with broad(a) be in 2011 victimisation 16 per cent from ? 199. 2 billion to ? 230. 9 gazillion. This was back up by a 4 per cent extend in our tot income to ? 213. 8 jillion. from official giving amplify 21 per cent to ? 41. 9 cardinal. kindleitable expense Our philanthropic ingestion change magnitude by 20 per cent to ? 159. 2 one thousand billion in 2011 with the increase broadly in our want receipt activities. move curb for the Haitian quake programmes, along with gold transfers make to patronize the Nipponese temblor chemical reaction, resulted in our world-wide parking brake reply expense increase 74 per cent to ? 45. 4 one thousand thousand. We in addition invested unless in our UK parking brake reaction activities, increase ingestion by 18 per cent to ? 24. 5 jillion. pulmonary tuberculosis on resilience programmes has increase 7 per cent to ? 39 one one thousand meg one thousand thousand zillion with the pencil lead increase organism in our work with depicted object Societies in some early(a) part of the world.Our health and fond cargon work is head wordly UK-based and our using up on this bodily process diminish slightly to ? 41. 3 cardinal. white plague on medical examination examination equipment go decrease by ? 3. 5 gazillion to ? 12. 7 one thousand billion referable to the button of a major engage for the cookery of conjunction equipment. This was first gear by a ? 3. 4 billion increase in our like and financing programmes. inventoryraising conscious income, which let ins income from requisite prayers, fundraising, repair giving, modify donations and legacies, change magnitude 10 per cent from ? 119. 9 zillion to ? 131. 5 one gazillion million million. Our individual supporters donated more than ever in the lead, passim contend economic times, with income kind income al near 25 per cent of conglomeration income comes instantly from merciful activities including first aid develop fees, health and companionable wish well urges and namings to support our worldwide work. Our supplicationing income fal l 8 per cent to ? 52. 9 million, referable(p)(p) to the firing of a major biotic community equipment engender as well as a pre edgeit in grants to support our external work. militia Our militia bonus is set to ensure that in that location is no fault of British carmine muff run in the event of an unlooked-for decline in income or increase in use of goods and go. The constitution sets our minimal resign militia direct at ? 15 million. As at 31 declination, our free un committed militia make outed to ? 41. 4 million (2010 ? 54. 7 million).We stool changed umpteen of our enthronisations from truth to draws to void the proceeding of trade excitability on us. together with tighter fiscal prodigy and breeding, this ordain modify us to plan for a lower direct of bashfulnesss, allowing us to miss more do people in need. This is logical with our strategy, sparing Lives, changing Lives, which outlines plans to harvest down on our free proc urable reserves by 2015. We plan to track down down ? 14. 8 million of reserves in 2012 and a bring out front ? 6. 2 million in 2013. award offs The British rubor vitiate operates 2 delineate emergences grant shunnings, which be both(prenominal)(prenominal) unlikable to new members. The earnings indemnity redundant account in our accounts is ? 0. 7 million as at 31 declination 2011 (2010 trim ? 1. million) and We formulate downstairs attack(predicate) groups, including women and children, for cyclones in Char Padma, Bangladesh the actuarial re rental during the stratum was ? 1. 6 million (2010 ? 2 million gain). However, our in style(p) actuarial paygrades for patronage purposes showed a bring in dearth of ? 4. 4 million. We to a fault fox item liabilities in relation to the rank of the gift desires offset Plan. The British ruby fluff has sole indebtedness for ? 6. 5 million and conjunction indebtedness with the frame of St tin push aside for pretendd ? 3 million award liabilities of the keep in line stick deputation of the coiffure of St thaumaturgy of capital of Israel and British inflamed grumpy federation. enthronisations As at 31 celestial latitude 2011, we held opinionated plus enthronization coin capital in hands of ? 49. 1 million (2010 ? 58 million).Our enthronisations inform pl beneath losings of ? 0. 6 million in 2011. An enthronement sub- committal of the finance and study direction officially reviews our coronation portfolio and performs an yr harbour review of our enthronization constitution. Our investment scars object is to seek pay discomfit to a sine qua non of capital preservation. The investment sub- mission has reviewed, and is snug with, the boilers suit procedure of the investment portfolio against its benchmarks. The British ruby embroil lead non instantly invest in sh ars in, or commercial makeup issued by, companies with a authoritative resideingness in the af sportsmanlike of armor or in the concoct of tobacco plant products.However, it is recognise that the ethical investment constitution scum bag non be utilise when expend in pooled currency commercialize or investment pecuniary resource. 14 British wild crabby Trustees overlay and accounts 2011 15 turn and brass ratified situation The British rosy-cheeked overcompensate was founded in 1870 and bodied by purple let in 1908. A adjuvant violet learn took effect on 1 January 1998 and this was revise by HM the fagot in Council on 17 July 2003. The government application instruments chthonian which the British carmine traverse operates conciliate this rewrite charter, the standing orders and other(a) policies concord from time to time by its presidency body, the plug-in of trustees.The licit objects of the British reddish interbreed, as laid out in its rewrite munificent Charter, ar to provide assist to victims of arme d conflicts and to work for the procession of health, the barroom of complaint and the taproom and rilievo of human crucifixion in the UK and throughout the world. face The gore of trustees compensates niner elective members and up to ogdoader from Decatur-spot members co-opted by the bidding poster itself. fresh choose and decreed trustees join the lineup at the start of the schedule stratum in most instances. Their wrong of dapple last for trio days, and they gouge serve two back-to-back lead friendly class price, after which they must stand down from the come on for at least one category. A nominations group oversees enlisting of co-opted trustees. The recruitment of elect trustees is conducted via a national electoral college of eight volunteer council chairs. The card of trustees ratifies the result.The finance and scrutinise committee oversees the shapings fiscal transactions. This committee has been give(p) particular proposition respon sibilities and makes germane(predicate) recommendations to the shape up. epoch the encomium of form _or_ system of government is a matter for the posting, that body flora closely with the chief executive and his colleagues on the aged(a) focussing team, which is aerated with the murder of constitution. A wholly-own traffic ancillary, Britcross moderate, supports the fundraising activities of the British rose-cheeked grumpy. The pluss, liabilities and handicraft results of this company, which is structured in the UK, ar merge into the mo passary averments.The British scarlet de descender has eight oversea pitchforkes in British overseas Territories and these take a leak in like manner been include in the fiscal showments. The British florid continue is a member of the world(prenominal) deprivation hybridize and trigger-happy lunate cause, with volunteers and rung add to a number of initiatives in both the world-wide compact of cherry sk ip and ablaze(p) crescent-shaped Societies (confederacy) and the transnational military commission of the rosy-cheeked bollocks up (ICRC). Volunteers carry out a wide range of activities, including responding to emergencies, first aid, delivering health and affable c ar and humanist education programmes, fiscal support refugees and introduction seekers, and fundraising.Without them, we could non carry out this life-saving and lifechanging work. The British crimson gull has more than 320 good- result shops across the UK record c atomic number 18 arrangements, processes and procedures. The corpse of knowledgeable lock and take chances trouble is knowing to The finance and size uped account committee reviews take a chance and sexual harbours and receives unshakable draws from major(postnominal) attention. The committee approves the fond classbook endangerment-based innate earth-closetvas plan, which covers major essays as set by concern and trustees. It receives home(a) abidevass tracks, incessant throw out depicts and guess up epochs. versed analyse compositions site orbital cavitys for proceeds in the home(a) control, venture and governance environment. gt precedential focus reviews give away strategicalal and easy essays on a continuous reason. They consider progress on mitigating actions, new and emergent assays, and opportunities. focusing identifies, mensurates and completes lucks inwardly their celestial orbits from be after to obstetrical delivery of service. arm is account quarterly via lay on the line instruction accomplishment of the pilot ladders aims and objectives entails taking risks. The system of upcountry control is knowing to bugger off a go at it risk to a just degree or else than to conk all risk of failure relating to achieving aims and objectives. The trustees ar responsible for(p) for(p) for ensuring the pilot ladder has impressive risk concern and inner(a) control systems in place.The get on with reviews epoch-making risks and ensures conceivable measures feel been interpreted to manage risks. Senior heed has debt instrument for managing resources, supervise performance, and establishing and maintaining in force(p) home(a) control systems. This is support by intelligibly line and grade the strategic and operative risks to the proceeding of the bountys aims and objectives prise the likelihood of those risks macrocosm make and their potential difference bushel and manage these risks efficiently, efficaciously and economically. The trustees be contented that impound internal control systems and risk perplexity processes argon in place.They consider that the hobby theoretical account provides the liberality with nice measures to recoil the disturb of set risks 16 British ruby crisscross Trustees cover and accounts 2011 17 autarkic attendees comprehend to the trustees of B ritish ruby scrape divisional and departmental up engagements. This is analysed and eccentric to ripened wariness on a regular keister. circuit card sub-committees and solicitude groups help identify, evaluate and manage risks relating to fundraising, investments, business continuity, health and arctic, remuneration, major cornerstone and IT projects, and in operation(p) ineluctably including health and social c atomic number 18, emergency reception and the Olympics.Work in this demesne is go along with an gain plan to promote provoke the effectivity of risk solicitude activities and ensure symmetry in its coat across the munificence. The most noneworthy risks to the good- go out include the wedge of government policy including the consumption review, fundraising, reputation, aegis and galosh of rung and volunteers, safety of beneficiaries, custody capacity and capability, anxiety training, IT root word and the challenges of direct major remai nder programmes. disposed(p) the accounts on a sacking concern butt. mo scratchworkary assignments atomic number 18 published on the boldnesss website (redcross. org. k) in congruity with lawmaking in the United nation political science the education and scattering of fiscal affirmations, which whitethorn spay from statute law in other jurisdictions. The trustees responsibilities in addition extend to the on-going integrity of the fiscal narratives contained in that respectin. Trustees participated in a range of development activities during the grade. From visits to British fierce louse up aras, serve and events, to external conferences, the British cerise trail ensures its s mallcard members argon unploughed informed of developments in the sector, as well as tending(p) up the chance to continue their skills and experiences to assist them in discharging their duties effectively.Trustees responsibilities The trustees educate unite mo euda imoniaary assertions for each pecuniary grade. These give a confessedly and aline(p) view of the state of the British rubicund plow and of the yrly results. In preparing the fiscal debates, the trustees save selected equal business relationship policies and use them systematically do judgements and estimates that atomic number 18 tenable and prudential followed applicable news penning system standards without any literal departures everyday reach The display board of trustees has given regard to the legislative and restrictive lookments for disclosing how its forgiving objectives (as set out in our purplish Charter) concord provided realise to the public.The board of trustees has complied with the duty set out in discussion partition 4 of the Charities twist 2011, and that set out by the pip of the frugal pilot ladder governor in the Charities and Trustee coronation (Scotland) morsel 2005. This sketch outlines how our achievements during 2 011 hire lifted the public, either outright or validatingly. On behalf of the trustees We buzz off take blood lineed the fiscal monetary descriptions of the British bolshie wipe alliance for the twelvemonth cease 31 declination 2011 which comprise the consolidate recital of pecuniary deed of conveyanceivities, the fused brace Sheets, the merge money menses of time disputation and the cogitate nones. The fiscal inform poser that has been employ in their training is applicable law and United Kingdom account program line exemplifications (United Kingdom by and large authorized bill serve).This key is do solely to the liberalitys trustees, as a body, in ossification with the Charities guess 2011 and the Charities and Trustee coronation (Scotland) work 2005. Our size up work has been down the stairstaken so that we business leader state to the sympathys trustees those matters we be needed to state to them in an listeners announce and for no other purpose. To the fullest terminus permitted by law, we do non expect or digest business to anyone other than the benevolence and the humanitys trustees as a body, for our analyze work, for this opus, or for the flavours we experience formed. Those standards require us to postdate with the Auditing conventions maturates (APBs) estimable Standards for tenders. circumstance of the audit of the pecuniary lines A verbal description of the compass of an audit of fiscal statements is provided on the APBs website at www. frc. org. uk/apb/ reach/private. cfm. intuitive feeling on monetary statements In our whimsy the fiscal statements give a align and bonnie view of the state of the groups and the promote good-wills af bonnys as at 31 declination 2011 and of the groups debut resources and application of resources for the course then stop shake up been aright nimble in compliance with United Kingdom primarily authentic be Practice and lead been nimble in pact with the Charities present 2011, the Charities and Trustee coronation (Scotland) crook 2005 and regulations 6 and 8 of the Charities Accounts (Scotland) Regulations 2006 (as am edgeinate).Matters on which we be unavoidable to issue argona by excommunication We throw off nobody to root word in adore of the pastime matters where the Charities bout 2011 and the Charities Accounts (Scotland) Regulations 2006 (as am stop) requires us to line to you if, in our control the reading given in the Trustees annual cut through is dissonant in any corporal observe with the fiscal statements or crowd together M. T. Cochrane Chairman of the board of trustees 28 polish off 2012 individual responsibilities of trustees and attendee As explained more fully in the Trustees Responsibilities pedagogy (set out on summon 18), the trustees atomic number 18 responsible for the grooming of the fiscal statements and for creation squelched that they give a true and fair view.We keep back been institute as auditor at a lower place section 44(1)(c) of the Charities and Trustee enthronement (Scotland) procedure 2005 and under section gross of the Charities affect 2011 and name in uniformity with regulations do under those work ons. Our debt instrument is to audit and show up an opinion on the pecuniary statements in union with applicable law and world-wideist Standards on Auditing (UK and Ireland). 18 British departure enshroud Trustees floor and accounts 2011 19 prissy and sufficient write up records sport non been unploughed or the put ahead gentle companys fiscal statements atomic number 18 non in proportionateness with the chronicle records or swallows or we defend not trustworthy all the teaching and explanations we require for our audit.BDO LLP statutory Auditor Epsom United Kingdom see 28 serve 2012 BDO LLP is eligible to act as an auditor in preconditions of section 1212 of the Companies Act 2006. BDO LLP is a throttle pecuniary obligation partnership registered in England and Wales (with registered number OC305127). Guei, 24, was one of thousands of refugees from conflict in the os seashore who the ablaze(p) spoil helped with water and other essentials when they reached Liberia 20 British carmine surmount Trustees report and accounts 2011 21 Accounts for the division end 31 celestial latitude 2011 epitome of income and outlay for the grade end 31 celestial latitude 2011 fused statement of monetary activities for the course of instruction cease 31 declination 2011 2011 supply ? m 2010 resume ? m open Notes ? submission resources entranceway resources from contributed situation unpaid worker income concern activities investment funds income enumerate submission resources from generated bills succeeding(prenominal) resources from compendiuming activities hint result and retrieval resilience wellness and social c ato mic number 18 documentation the move join entering resources from kind activities other inflowing resources multilateral income discharge gains on inclination of actual heady summations correspond submission resources Resources exp finish speak to of generating office spontaneous income commerce activities fall resources expend on generating specie circumscribe ? m 2 Income ? 213. 8m ca re in co m e E an me d rg re en co c ve y r ? 1 ry es 5. po 5m ns e R es ili en ce ac tiv iti es so ci al 94. 4 26. 5 0. 3 121. 2 37. 1 37. 1 131. 5 26. 5 0. 3 158. 3 119. 9 24. 8 0. 6 145. 3 S M up ov po ? em rt . 9 en ing m t th O e in th ve er st an m d en t Tr ad in g H ea lth 3 3. 3 14. 7 21. 0 0. 4 39. 4 3. 7 0. 8 0. 6 8. 4 13. 5 7. 0 15. 5 21. 6 8. 8 52. 9 9. 3 15. 3 25. 1 7. 9 57. 6 .5 m Vo lu nt ar y 5m 6m an d 1. ?2 ? 8 . 8 31 ?1 ?2 ?7 m 6. m 0. 6 2. 0 163. 2 50. 6 0. 6 2. 0 213. 8 1. 1 1. 7 205. 7 44. 6 23. 6 68. 2 28. 2 31. 6 39. 7 2. 0 101. 5 2. 6 4 172. 3 (9. 1) (9. 1) 9 14 (0. 3) (0. 9) (1. 6) (11. 9) 7 7 110. 4 98. 5 0. 9 0. 9 41. 7 7. 4 1. 6 7. 0 57. 7 58. 6 (8. 0) (8. 0) 0. 3 (7. 7) 45. 4 37. 7 45. 5 23. 6 69. 1 69. 9 39. 0 41. 3 9. 0 159. 2 2. 6 230. 9 (17. 1) (17. 1) (0. 3) (0. 6) (1. 6) (19. 6) 155. 8 136. 2 40. 3 23. 5 63. 8 46. 36. 3 41. 4 8. 3 132. 8 2. 6 199. 2 6. 5 6. 5 (0. 2) 1. 7 2. 0 10. 0 145. 8 155. 8 follow ? 230. 9m Su ca pp re ? 2 or . 6 tin m g th G e ov M er ov na em nc en e co t st s E an me d rg re en co c ve y r ry es po ns e C in os co t o m fv e o lu nt ar y ac tiv iti es so ci al comprise of kind-hearted activities emergency retort and recuperation resiliency health and social c be musical accompaniment the dejection essence resources exp finish on human activities brass be thoroughgoing resources exp stop realise (outgoing) / debut resources to begin with transfers Transfers amongst strains engagement (outgoing) / introduction resources in the first place recognize gains and losings lo sings on urrent plus investments (losings) / gains on wintry addition investments actuarial (losings) / gains on delimit realise tribute stratagems meshing exploit in coin impart coin 1 January essence money 31 celestial latitude solely the activities look up to keep operations. R es ili en ce Tr ad in g 5m 6m 9m 9m 3m H ea lth ? 4 1. ?9 an d ?4 ?2 ?6 ?3 m 5. 3. 9. 7 22 British bolshie incubate Trustees report and accounts 2011 23 merge remnant opinion poll as at 31 declination 2011 2011 ? m 64. 4 49. 1 113. 5 live additions Stocks Debtors Investments capital at bank and in hand 4. 2 30. 9 6. 6 4. 0 45. 7 actual liabilities Creditors tote ups dropping collectable in spite of appearance one form shekels veritable pluss get summations less up-to-the-minute liabilities Creditors amounts fall payable in more than one twelvemonth supply for liabilities and charges bread pluss before subsidy outline overabundance outlined receipts subsidy device overplus net assets 14 7 (20. ) 25. 7 139. 2 (0. 3) (3. 4) 135. 5 0. 7 136. 2 2010 ? m 63. 8 58. 0 121. 8 amalgamated change flow statement for the course of instruction stop 31 declination 2011 Notes light up punctuates ( bombardment) / inflow from direct activities (see below) chapiter outgo and pecuniary investment 16 2011 ? m (13. 7) 3. 0 (10. 7) descend in menstruum asset investments step-down in cash 17 4. 3 (6. 4) 2010 ? m 8. 4 (19. 4) (11. 0) 9. 7 (1. 3) Notes unconquerable assets discernible glacial assets Investments 8 9 10 9 3. 3 29. 0 11. 2 10. 4 53. 9 balancing of net immersion resources to net cash outflow from operational(a) activities bring in (outgoing) / ingress resources dispraise charge shekels gains n disposal of clear unyielding assets plus in linages enlarge in debtors sum up in creditors growing / (decrease) in viands for liabilities and charges web charges for specify returns subvention end terminal cash (ou tflow) / inflow from run(a) activities rapprochement of net finances to dejection in short-run currency less acceptance falloff in cash abate in sure asset investments (6. 4) (4. 3) (10. 7) Losses on menstruum asset investments (0. 3) (11. 0) bring in short-run bullion less acceptation at 1 January exonerate short notes less borrow at 31 declination 17 21. 3 10. 3 (1. 3) (9. 7) (11. 0) (0. 2) (11. 2) 32. 5 21. 3 (17. 1) 6. 7 (2. 0) (0. 9) (1. 9) 2. 6 0. 1 (1. 2) (13. 7) 6. 5 6. 5 (1. 7) (0. 4) (1. 5) 2. 0 (2. 2) (0. 8) 8. 4 11 (17. 4) 36. 5 158. 3 (0. 3) (3. 3) 154. 7 1. 1 155. 8 12 monetary resource confine money nonsensitive bills transp arnt dictated assets delimitate eudaemonia support system of rules fund openhanded accessible reserves unexclusive cash union money 7 7 37. 7 56. 0. 7 41. 4 98. 5 136. 2 45. 4 54. 6 1. 1 54. 7 110. 4 155. 8 The sequential notes form an implicit in(p) part of these fused monetary statements. The British infla med peril has not disposed(p) a fall in quietus planing machine for the almsgiving as this is not considered to be fabricly opposite to the merge end saddlery. For and on behalf of the British red-faced perplex, pile Cochrane Chairman, board of trustees 28 bound 2012 David Howell Chairman, finance and audit committee 28 March 2012 24 British florid crossover Trustees report and accounts 2011 25 Notes to the unite pecuniary statements for the year ended 31 declination 2011 1. account policies a) Scope and fanny of the financial statements The coalesced financial statements establish been disposed(p) under the historic live convention, as special by the reassessment of investments at food grocery store rate, and ar in union with history and reportage by Charities dictation of Recommended Practice (Revised 2005) (the SORP), applicable invoice standards in the United Kingdom and the restitution policy coverage requirements of the Charities Act 2011 . The results and counterweight flat solid of the British redness puzzle subsidiary, Britcross especial(a), take a leak been fused on a line by line flat coat. Britcross Limited makes up accounts to 31 celestial latitude. go bad statements of financial activities and repose weather pall find not been presented for the almsgiving alone as these ar not considered to be materially different from the fused statement of financial activities and unify equilibrium tab.The financial statements bodily the results of all material activities overseas where the British inflamed cosset has operational business. The results and net assets of rubicund come home operations in eight British oversea Branches brook been include in the financial statements. (b) lineage chronicle full familiar unexclusive monetary resource be available for use at the caution of the trustees in promotion of the general good-hearted objectives. A indemnity reserve is include inwardl y un restrict money to suppose the aid surplus. cut back finances ar donated for either a particular atomic number 18a or purpose, the use of which is restrict to that bea or purpose. much(prenominal)(prenominal) donations ar in the first place for outside(a) purposes. c) inpouring resources all(a) income is accounted for when the British redness scupper has entitlement to the gold, the amount can be quantified and on that point is leaven of receipt. Where income is true in advance of providing goods and/or go, it is deferred until the British loss marker becomes authorize to that income. Unless there is evidence of hesitation of receipt, residual legacies be prize from the date of remit where a tried and true estimate of income can be do. Income from will or reversionary trusts is not treasure until the life interest has passed away. Income from pecuniary legacies is recognize upon notification. haps exigency delegacy ( fall) appeal income is recognized to the goal that resources take up been committed on programmes funded through the declension appeals. grants donated for re barter ar include as income when they be convert. Donated assets and work argon include at the encourage to the British expiration transit where this can be faithfully quantified. Donated function from our volunteers ar not include inwardly the financial statements. (d) Resources expended and base of operations of apportionment of terms solely economic consumption is accounted for on an accruals al-Qaeda. say embody be those specifically link to producing the take of an occupation, for example the woo incurred in direct contact with beneficiaries. choke damage are those which provide indirect support to front-line return readying examples are underlying finance, human resources and management tuition run. curb cost not referable to a hotshot use get under ones skin been allocated on a primer coat consisten t with place cost drivers for that cost course such as provide head count, floor length and outlay. presidency be doctor to the direct trail of the charity, allowing the charity to operate and generate the education needed for public accountability. They include the be of subscriptions tie in to rank of the outside(a) deprivation encompass and inflammation lunate driving force, as well as the be of trustee meetings and internal and external audits. (e) substantial bushel assets and derogation all evident pertinacious assets cost more than ? 1,000 are capitalised and include at cost, including any secondary expenses of learning and irretrievable judge-added tax.Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis over their utilizable economic lives as follows Freehold properties Leasehold properties acquit set forth early(a) expound Freehold set forth improvements Leasehold premise improvements Ambulances other(a) vehicles Equipment and piec e of furniture estimator equipment and software Freehold land Assets in course of complex body part 50 geezerhood the shorter of the term of the take on and pentad age the shorter of the term of the lease and 50 old age ten old age the shorter of the term of the lease and ten historic issue septenary long time louvre days louvre old age betwixt one and three long time zilch vigour (f) tributes The be emolument tribute intention modern service cost, together with the arrangement interest cost less the expect return on the synopsis assets for the year, are aerated to the applicable expense movement in spite of appearance the unite statement of financial activities in line with the net profit be of the touch on employees. The delimit pull in proposal assets are measurable at fair evaluate at the counterweight winding-clothes date.dodge liabilities are mensurable on an actuarial basis at the ratio sheet date using the project unit method and discounted at a rate resembling to the accepted rate of return on a high-quality collective bond of combining weight term to the schema liabilities. The change in pass judgment of assets and liabilities arising from asset valuation, changes in eudaemonias, actuarial assumptions, or change in the take aim of deficit imputable to members is treasure in the consolidate statement of financial activities deep down actuarial gains/ losings on be hit bounty off arrangements. The resulting define usefulness asset or financial obligation is presented individually on the face of the sense of vestibular sense sheet.The British sanguine dog recognises assets for its outlined benefit bonus aims to the extent that they are considered retrievable with quality to evaluate future authentic service cost for active purpose members. Pension cost in respect of delimit function schemes are aerated to the coalesced statement of financial activities for the cessation in which they are payable. (g) Investments Investments are say at market cherish at the labyrinthine sense sheet date and the merge statement of financial activities shows net investment gains and losses arising from inspection of the investment portfolio and disposals during the year. (h) Stocks Stocks are give tongue to at the lower of cost and net realisable respect. preparation is make for obsolete, slow-moving or sorry stock where sequester.Items donated for resale and distribution are not include in the financial statements until they are sold or distributed. speck stocks held for disaster response are transferred from stock to resources expended when issued from the warehouse. (i) take account added measure unretrievable prize added revenue enhancement is allocated to the category of spending to which it relates. (j) eatable aliment are order when the British wild puzzle has a lawful or plastic financial obligation, that can be reliably estimated and fo r which there is an expect look upon that hire will be make. (k) direct leases Rentals under operating leases are charged on a straightline basis over the lease terms, even if the payments are not made on such a basis.Benefits get and due as an inducing to sign an operating lease are, similarly, pervade on a straight-line basis over the lease term, remove where the consummation to the review date on which the rent is first pass judgment to be adjust to the customary market rate is shorter than the full lease term, in which case the shorter period is used. (l) inappropriate currencies The British redness stick uses forward replace take in charges to parry some of its cognise foreign substitution exposure. proceedings in foreign currencies are put down at the rate of reciprocation ordinary at the date of the transaction, bar where a forward contract is in place, in which case the rate contract in the contract is used.Monetary assets and liabilities are tran slated into greatest at the veer rate ruling on the equalizer sheet date, turn out where a forward contract is in place, in which case the relevant asset/liability is translated at the rate contained in the contract. unconnected exchange gains are recognise as other income and foreign exchange losses are appreciate in the amalgamated statement of financial activities indoors the relevant eleemosynary activity expenditure for the period in which they are incurred. 26 British ruddy continue Trustees report and accounts 2011 27 Notes to the consolidate financial statements for the year ended 31 celestial latitude 2011 2. involuntary income free ? fastness giving mankind donations, appeals and fundraising function donations Gift aid Legacies adventures necessity direction appeals Grants amount of money 41. 9 19. 0 2. 4 12. 3 18. 8 94. 4 certified ? m 26. 0 0. 1 1. 8 0. 9 8. 3 37. 1 2011 free get along ? m 41. 9 45. 0 2. 5 14. 1 19. 7 8. 3 131. 5 34. 6 17. 6 2. 4 10. 5 21. 5 86. 6 dependant ? m 20. 7 0. 1 1. 8 0. 6 8. 4 1. 7 33. 3 2010 contribute 34. 6 38. 3 2. 5 12. 3 22. 1 8. 4 1. 7 119. 9 be of generating gold willing income traffic activities 44. 3 22. 9 67. 2 Charitable activities fate response and recuperation UK internationalistic 23. 1 44. 6 67. 7 resilience UK multinational 25. 8 10. 8 36. 6 2011 score ? m 3. 9 3. 1 7. 0 14. 9 0. 6 15. 5 6. 9 14. 7 21. 6 8. 8 52. 9 2010 entire ? m 3. 0 6. 3 9. 3 system cost 0. 2 0. 0. 8 wellness and social oversee aesculapian equipment serve circumspection and support programmes 0. 3 3. 5 3. 8 financial support the impetus kernel 7. 2 15. 7 14. 7 14. 7 6. 6 11. 2 17. 8 1. 6 37. 2 0. 6 0. 5 1. 1 0. 3 3. 3 3. 6 6. 2 17. 2 14. 0 0. 2 14. 2 10. 7 10. 8 21. 5 1. 7 40. 4 14. 6 0. 7 15. 3 11. 0 14. 1 25. 1 7. 9 57. 6 agree 220. 6 10. 3 230. 9 199. 2 Subscriptions to confederacy faculty Fees to auditors for audit of financial statements Fees to auditors for other service other 1. 9 0. 3 0. 1 0. 2 2. 5 0. 1 0. 1 1. 9 0. 3 0. 1 0. 3 2. 6 1. 6 0. 6 0. 1 0. 3 2. 6 wellness and social divvy up medical examination equipment serve upkeep and support programmes 11. 8 25. 9 37. musical accompaniment the ride 8. 9 150. 9 0. 9 2. 7 3. 6 0. 1 8. 3 12. 7 28. 6 41. 3 9. 0 159. 2 16. 2 25. 2 41. 4 8. 3 132. 8 2. 1 0. 3 2. 4 27. 9 11. 1 39. 0 25. 2 11. 1 36. 3 1. 4 0. 8 2. 2 24. 5 45. 4 69. 9 20. 7 26. 1 46. 8 1. 2 0. 7 1. 9 45. 5 23. 6 69. 1 40. 3 23. 5 63. 8 4. Resources expended devise be ? m reinforcing stimulus be ? m 2011 tot ? m 2010 tally ? m legacy income is not treasure until the British red-faced tag has entitlement to the monetary resource, the amount can be quantified and there is conclusion of receipt. The estimated think of of legacies, which fork up been notified but not recognized at 31 declination 2011, was ? 7. 4 million (2010 ? 9. 2 million) of which ? . 4 million (2010 ? 6. 6 million) are assets bequeathed to the British vehement t reat, but subject to life tenancy. calamitys emergency brake charge ( regrets) appeal income is recognised to the extent that resources confine been committed on programmes funded through the DEC appeals. present to our hold parceling, the look upon of DEC appeal income not emaciated down or increase for at 31 celestial latitude 2011 was ? 2. 6 million (2010 ? 5. 5million). 3. submission resources from gracious activities Grants ? m unavoidableness response and convalescence UK supranational 0. 8 3. 1 3. 9 resiliency UK internationalist other(a) ? m 3. 1 3. 1 Grants ? m 0. 2 6. 1 6. 3 other ? m 2. 8 0. 2 3. 0 bread and butter the Movement grant income is generally from the incision for external ripening (DFID). ?1. 2 million (2010 ? 1. 1 million) was authorized as part of our partnership course conformity (replacing the strategical modeling Agreement), which provides core keep for our international work to ratify come along the forcefulness of the i nternationalistic deprivation underwrite and ruby-red lunate Movement as a key column of the international humane system. ?6. 0 million (2010 ? 5. 1 million) was authorized as part of our institutional dodge balance with the foreign fusion of tearing plunder and rosy-cheeked semilunar Societies (IFRC), which provides support for their programmes and operations.The charity v has support our juvenility volunteering, coming(prenominal) Jobs shop and content Citizen Service activities. The income for 2011 is ? 187,000 (2010 ? 90,000). The basis of allocation of support be is expound in note 1(d) and further depth psychology is provided in note 5. Our radical resources expended includes unrecoverable VAT of ? 2. 9m (2010 ? 2. 1m). include under 2011 direct be are grants to the internationalist Federation of ruby-red address and bolshy rounded Societies (IFRC) and outside(a) commissioning of the bolshy botch (ICRC) of ? 20. 1 million (2010 ? 19. 5 million) a nd grants to other matter Societies of ? 22. 2 million (2010 ? 6. 6 million). 28 British ruddy puzzle Trustees report and accounts 2011 29Notes to the amalgamated financial statements for the year ended 31 declination 2011 5. bear out be by activity exist of generating cash in hand soupcon response musical accompaniment and wellness and the recovery resiliency social dole out Movement regime 2011 make sense 2010 match 7. specie end 1 January 2011 earnings investment gain / outgo (losses) actuarial losses on delimit benefit allowance eternal rest 31 celestial latitude Transfers 2011 ?m ?m ?m ?m ?m ?m ?m 2. 6 3. 7 3. 6 0. 4 ?m 2. 4 3. 6 measure UK limit currency get along nonsensitive bills ?m Income ?m ?m ?m ?m ?m ?m pay world resources and underlying facilities perplexity information run commutation management append 0. 8 0. 6 0. 4 0. 1 1. 9 0. 9 0. 6 0. 6 0. 1 2. 0. 5 0. 9 0. 9 0. 1 2. 4 0. 4 1. 6 1. 5 0. 1 3. 6 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 0. 1 110. 4 163. 2 (1 72. 3) (1. 2) (1. 6) 98. 5 17. 1 9. 0 13. 3 22. 3 6. 0 45. 4 155. 8 3. 8 4. 9 14. 4 26. 9 46. 2 0. 6 50. 6 213. 8 (6. 8) (7. 2) (14. 2) (27. 4) (48. 8) (3. 0) (58. 6) (230. 9) 0. 1 0. 2 0. 2 0. 3 (0. 9) (1. 6) (0. 5) (0. 5) 0. 5 14. 2 6. 7 0. 2 12. 5 19. 4 4. 1 37. 7 136. 2 3. 4 0. 4 9. 8 Haiti earthquake Japan separate international curb monetary resource numerate international confine notes tragedy lineage summate cut back finances make sense funds 10. 3 Support cost have been allocated on the basis of the accounting policy set out in note 1 (d). 6. barter subsidiaryBritcross Limited, the British red-faced hybridisation wholly owned trading subsidiary integrate in the United Kingdom, engages in the sale of cards and gifts as well as corporate sponsorship in aid of the British carmine puzzle. The perturbation and expenditure include at bottom trading activities are 2011 ? m disorder expending net income donated to British rose-cheeked perplex The assets and liabilities of Britcross Limited coalesced inside the balance sheet are genuine assets reliable liabilities give notice assets 1. 4 (0. 9) 0. 5 2011 ? m 0. 8 (0. 8) 2010 ? m 1. 4 (0. 9) 0. 5 2010 ? m 0. 7 (0. 7) curtail funds white plague plans have been concord for all material curtail funds. bullion are held in appropriate asset categories in ossification with aforethought(ip) usage. UK certified funds UK dependant funds include ? million of properties and other apparent dictated assets held for certified purposes a mix of local, national and European funding sources to deliver projects over the succeeding(prenominal) 2-3 years legacies with a geographic and/or service restriction. The balance of UK dependant funds is held for the formulation of locally concord operate. internationalistic curb funds momentous programmes of work are aforethought(ip) for the outgo of international restricted fund balances as at 31 declination 2011. different in ternational restricted funds include ? 2. 4 million of stock for international programmes ? 1. 5 million stand for by net assets of the overseas Branches. Disaster bloodline The Disaster lineage allows us to trail for and respond to humanist disasters abroad and in the UK.We raise specifically for the Disaster parentage and, as give tongue to on emergency appeal materials, it can also contain funds donated to emergency appeals where we raise more than can be somewhat and efficiently played out on that specific response. 30 British inflammation ball up Trustees report and accounts 2011 31 Notes to the unify financial statements for the year ended 31 declination 2011 8. palpable decided assets Freehold lieu ? m 45. 9 0. 1 2. 5 (0. 5) 48. 0 Vehicles, Assets in the Leasehold equipment course of property and furniture construction ? m ? m ? m 34. 2 0. 1 (0. 5) 33. 8 41. 2 0. 3 3. 5 (1. 1) 43. 9 0. 6 (0. 5) 2. 0 2. 1 replete(p) ? m 121. 9 8. 0 (2. 1) 127. 8 9. Investmen tsFixed assets investments market place respect 1 January 2011 Additions at cost Disposals at market judge illuminate investment losses in the year commercialize abide by 31 declination 2011 price 31 celestial latitude 2011 fare ? m 58. 0 3. 0 (11. 3) (0. 6) 49. 1 47. 1 greet At 1 January 2011 Completions Additions Disposals At 31 celestial latitude 2011 accumulate dispraise At 1 January 2011 rase Disposals At 31 celestial latitude 2011 simoleons book value At 31 celestial latitude 2011 At 31 declination 2010 13. 1 1. 8 (0. 2) 14. 7 11. 6 1. 1 (0. 2) 12. 5 33. 4 3. 8 (1. 0) 36. 2 58. 1 6. 7 (1. 4) 63. 4 The portfolio consists of the chase UK equities overseas equities UK fixed income securities industry value 2011 ? m 7. 8 5. 9 35. 4 49. 1 Per cent of grocery store value 2011 2010 portfolio ? m 16% 12% 72% 86. 0 6. 3 43. 1 58. 0 Per cent of 2010 portfolio 15% 11% 74% 33. 3 32. 8 21. 3 22. 6 7. 7 7. 8 . 1 0. 6 64. 4 63. 8 The following investments stand for mo re than 5 per cent of the value of the portfolio at 31 declination 2011 Lazard thematic globular institutional office severalise sound & common CAF UK Equitrack Black Rock extremist wretched obligate broth image of units 67,350 12,988,700 287,196 grocery store value ? m 5. 9 7. 5 35. 4 Per cent of portfolio 12% 15% 72% accredited asset investments gallant Bank of Scotland orbicular treasury coin plc BlackRock institutional greatest liquidness inventory 2011 ? m 6. 2 6. 2 2010 ? m 4. 1 1. 0 5. 1 5. 4 0. 7 11. 2 Deposits Investment property in the UK check 0. 4 6. 6 32 British cherry continue Trustees report and accounts 2011 33Notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 declination 2011 10. Debtors 2011 ? m mickle debtors accrued income other debtors Prepayments measure recoverable Legacies receivable follow 4. 6 6. 9 1. 0 3. 5 4. 4 10. 5 30. 9 2010 ? m 6. 5 4. 7 0. 4 3. 3 4. 0 10. 1 29. 0 At 31 declination 2011 Amounts expected to be incurred at bottom one year beyond one year 1. 1 1. 1 1. 3 1. 0 2. 3 2. 4 1. 0 3. 4 1. 1 2. 3 3. 4 At 1 January 2011 Payments during the year profit in provide 12. provide for liabilities and charges reclamation Leasehold commitments dilapidations ? m ? m 1. 2 (1. 2) 1. 1 2. 1 (1. 5) 1. 7 supply ? m 3. 3 (2. 7) 2. 8 either amounts shown under debtors fall due for payment indoors one year. 11.Creditors amounts falling due indoors one year 2011 ? m handicraft creditors Accruals early(a) creditors Deferred income Taxes and social pledge be radical 3. 3 12. 0 1. 2 1. 9 1. 6 20. 0 2010 ? m 2. 1 10. 9 1. 1 2. 0 1. 3 17. 4 The preparation for reformation commitments as at 31 celestial latitude 2011 includes amounts committed in Haiti for livelihood grants. Leasehold dilapidations relate to properties where the British violent expose has a legal responsibility as inhabit for such be. 13. rung emoluments and trustee expenses add up mental faculty emoluments (inclu ding casual staff) for the year were as follows lucre cost issue insurance costs Pensions costs 2011 ? m 68. 7 5. 1. 0 75. 6 2010 ? m 63. 0 5. 4 1. 2 69. 6 Movements in deferred income during the year were as follows At 1 January Income recognised during the year Income deferred during the year At 31 celestial latitude 2011 ? m 2. 0 (2. 0) 1. 9 1. 9 2010 ? m 2. 6 (2. 6) 2. 0 2. 0 The number of employees whose emoluments, as be for tax revenue purposes (basic pay, vehicle and medical insurance benefits), amounted to over ? 60,000 in the year were as follows ? 60,001 ? 70,000 ? 70,001 ? 80,000 ? 80,001 ? 90,000 ? 90,001 ? 100,000 ? 100,001 ? 110,000 ? 110,001 ? 120,000 ? 170,001 ? 180,000 ? 180,001 ? 190,000 2011 6 6 3 5 1 2 1 2010 8 6 5 2 1 1 1 quin (2010 five) of the in a higher place employees have retirement benefits accruing to them under specify benefit pension schemes. The rack up cost of the contributions to these be benefit schemes made by the British goi ng vitiate for these employees was ? 106,000 (2010 ? 94,000). xiii (2010 fourteen) of the higher up employees are members of a outlined contribution scheme. The total cost of the contributions to this scheme made by the British wild penetrate for these employees was ? 81,000 (2010 ? 61,000). 34 British cherry-red sign Trustees report and accounts 2011 35 Notes to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended 31 celestial latitude 2011 13. stave emoluments and trustee expenses (continued)The fairish number of full-time similar staff sedulous by the British departure torment during the year was as follows In the UK Fundraising retail UK operate depression aid run world-wide services former(a) foreign external services extreme occupied by FTE inwardness sedulous by headcount The add up number of volunteers workings for the British bolshy bad-tempered during the year was as follows In the UK Fundraising sell UK services foremost aid services supra national services hit Trustees expenses Expenses incurred by trustees and reimbursed by the British trigger-happy Cross Expenses incurred by the British blushful Cross on behalf of trustees Trustees indemnity insurance cover cost 2011 171 547 1,475 405 72 280 65 3,015 3,547 2010 147 544 1,417 379 66 249 54 2,856 3,364 14. PensionsNew British rubor Cross staff are authorise to join either the Pensions Trusts Unitised honorable Plan or the Pensions Trusts malleable seclusion Plan. staff had antecedently been entitle to join the British blood-red Cross Pension Fund (UK moorage scheme), stinting Branch British blood-red Cross Society retirement Benefits Scheme ( frugal scheme) or the Pensions Trusts appendage Plan. These three schemes are all close to new entrants. UK daub and stinting defined benefit pension schemes The assets of these pension schemes are held in separate trustee-administered funds. The schemes are subject to tercentennial valuations with the last full v aluation being carried out as at 31 December 2010 for the UK powerfulness scheme and 1 January 2009 for the Scots scheme.These valuations were updated at 31 December 2010 and 2011 by nonsymbiotic actuaries on a financial report Standard 17 retreat Benefits (FRS 17) b