Meteorology Instruments for Measuring Weather Systems

The Body And Reproduction Of Femininity - 1559 Words

In the western world, concepts of gender have historically been divided into two parts: masculinity and femininity. At birth we are labelled male or female and treated accordingly by our parents and society. Masculinity is seen as strong, confident and dominant and femininity is seen as being white, thin and young. Hegemonic femininity is seen as the model of what it means to be a female and society sets this standard that all women are meant to embody. These specific characteristics â€Å"represent† what it is to be feminine. Candace West and Don H. Zimmerman, in their article â€Å"Doing Gender† and in Susan Bordo’s article â€Å"The Body and Reproduction of Femininity† respectively, show how femininity is a social construct that is reflected through various social interactions. There are five main concepts discussed in West and Zimmerman’s article. These concepts include accountability, the idea that gender structures interaction, gender being â€Å"unnatural† and gender as a routine accomplishment. There are also concepts drawn from Bordo’s article, which is culture helps shape femininity. These all contribute to the notion of how femininity is a social construction and how it is displayed in many different forms. One relevant concept in West and Zimmerman’s article â€Å"Doing Gender† is accountability. It is believed that individuals who participate in gender do it for acceptance and evaluation of other individuals. West and Zimmerman state that societal members orient to the fact thatShow MoreRelatedThe Terror of Obesity1584 Words   |  7 Pages Human body has always been a profound symbol. In modernist writing, body, as it was, is a gendered theme. Female body has long been viewed in subtle connection with primitivism and sensuality. In patriarchy, corpulent female body is defined as and related to fertility symbol as traditional female role in the society is linked with reproduction. In this regard, corpulence becomes a part of femininity as well as a part of what Simone de Beauvoir calls â€Å"the eternal feminine† that is primitive and sensuousRead MoreMary Shellys Frankenstein and the Consideration of Psychological Traumas Women Face in the Lack of Control Over T heir Reproductive Organs1798 Words   |  7 Pagesillegitimate and premature motherhood/ pregnancy of Shelley, possibly complicated by fear of death (her own and her future babys), which anchored her existence for a time in the body and domesticity finds an echo in Paradise Lost in terms that evoke the monstrous otherness embedded within the very definition of femininity and nature as the site of fecundity: A Universe of death,... 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In Elizabeth Alvilda Petroff’s anthology titled Medieval Women’s Visionary Literature, Thomas de Cantimprà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s The Life of Christina of St. Trond, Called Christina Mirabilis depicts Christina’s miraculous resurrection from the dead during her funeral procession at church. Before returning to her body on Earth, Christina is given the ultimate choice of her fate. De Cantimpre describes, â€Å"either [Christina] [will] remain with [God] now, or return to [her] body and sufferRead MoreUnderstanding Gender Identity and Sexuality1083 Words   |  5 Pagesof which affect their goals and perspectives differently from their sister, friend, and neighbor. One’s gender identity refers to his or her perception of self as a male or female, as well as being masculine or feminine. Because masculinity and fem ininity are fluid, rather than static, they are dependent on the perspective of the beholder. A person’s perspective is often influenced by their surroundings as well as values with which they were raised, both of which are never identical between two peopleRead MoreAdvertising Guide Consumers Thinking, Actions And Behaviour1421 Words   |  6 Pagesapparatus for the reproduction of our gender identities. Our retrospective identities as men and women for whom ‘the signifier â€Å"woman† always signifies women: we recognise ourselves in any representation of woman, however â€Å"original†, because we are always already defined by our gender’ (Winship 1980: 218 f.) It is common to think of gender constitution as distinct from sexual constitution, in that male and female sex is biologically given whereas the masculinity or femininity of gender is culturalyRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesThe physical body has been seen as many things both positive and negative. It can be thought of as the temple which houses the soul or can be seen as entrapping, like a cage of flesh. More often it seems that the body, especially women’s bodies, are looked at in more complicated ways than the bodies of men. As I grew up, it began to feel more and more like my body, and the bodies of other women, did not actually belong to us like we believed. Through my Women’s Studies class I have gained more knowledgeRead MoreOur topic was on the social and social psychological dynamics of sexuality and gender in the800 Words   |  4 Pagesbook which relate to many relief examples occurring all over in today’s so ciety, as well as including a discussion of how certain feminist are trying to pin point and make changes too this issue. Masculinity is constructed in ways that marginalize femininity, emphasizing how men often use women as props to signify a masculine identity and reproduce masculine forms of superiority. Subordination of women to men is prevalent in large parts of the world. We come across experiences where women are notRead MoreModern Culture : The Japanese Manga A Sub Culture Based Around Graphic Novels1606 Words   |  7 PagesIn Japanese modern culture, patriarchal constructs rule everyday ideology of what it is to be feminine, how the female body should look, and appropriate female sexual behaviour. Representations (and expectations) of the female form and sexuality are well depicted in the Japanese manga: graphic novel artwork that is read ubiquitously throughout Japan. Exploration of this art-form and the culture that grows around it provides a unique insight into current cultural attitudes in Japan. Shojo manga -Read MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Gender Analysis976 Words   |  4 Pagesminor roles to the central plot of the story. Written at a time when gender roles were unstable and shifting, the story lacks coherent representations of sexuality which, on the contrary, is rep resented in a discursive form and in a subtle fashion. Femininity, which is a seemingly alienated theme, was deeply probed and discussed in the novel. In the few descriptions of female characters in the novel, women are portrayed as humble complements to males in their society. The few female characters

World Without Money Free Essays

string(115) " the ones who they think really loves them because people might also use wealthier people for the money they have\." What is money? Money is a currency accepted as exchange for goods and services. It is just a piece of paper that everyone would envy. People are obsessed with money and many would kill for it – there is no reason why they would not. We will write a custom essay sample on World Without Money or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some even choose money over their own family or friends. Money is the reason the world operates, Thousands of people are dying everyday in the world, and all people care about is how they should spend their money after making it. Since money is the reason the world operates, just imagine the world without money to spend. Money makes the world go around. Imagine the world without money; there will be no future. Not everything comes with a price tag, but money can buy people fame, power, and sometimes even a rescue to a life. Most of the wealthy people think that money is the most important aspect of life. Young adults in this generation believe that pursuing wealth will bring them happiness, having enough money is also an achievement now as a goal in life. This essay will discuss about how money affects people’s lives and minds. The cause of death in third-world countries is malnutrition, which leads to starvation and diseases. Money can lead to starvation, which can lead to death. Millions of people die after natural disasters, problems will occur such as shelter, food, and protection. The only solution to that is money, money will be able to buy them the food they need, but the problem is that they do not have enough money. Even their own government cannot help, either because the government is having a financial crisis and are completely broke or they are not willing to spend their last bit money on their own people. That is the reason why charities are involved. Despite the fact that they are already starving to death, some poor countries still have their own governments making them pay taxes. In Africa, one of the major disease is malaria, the causes of it all leads back to money. Why are Africans vulnerable to mosquitos? That is because they do not have enough money to build proper homes, but USAID (Government agency providing humanitarian assistance) has provided millions of bed nets to avoid malaria; and that has decreased the amount of malaria happening in Africa and other countries (â€Å"House Holds Hang Up Mosquito Nets†. The government also pays the staffs of USAID; people really cannot live without money. Even writers back then, like Shakespeare, wrote about how money changed everything including the feelings one has for another; even in the past, all people cared about was money. For example, if a person was not rich enough, then that person’s lover’s parents wont approve of him or her. An example of that is R omeo Juliet. People nowadays want more than what they need, that is the cause of greediness. People who are greedy have an excessive or rapacious desire, especially for wealth or possessions. People shop for things that are not necessary, more than half the people in Hong Kong are using an iPhone or an iPad, but it is not really necessary to buy an iPhone or iPad; the point of people buying an iPhone or an ipad is just to show people that they can afford an iPhone or an ipad. Greediness is in everyone, but some people are just greedier than others. Rich people tend to get greedier than others, and that explains why they are so rich. Hard work is required obviously but they do not share usually, because they are scared that their wealth will suddenly get stolen. The problem is once people have the money and power, people are going to want more of those, and then those people would want to become richer than the wealthiest. When people get wealthier, some of them start belittling the people who they think are worth less than them. When in fact, everyone should be equal it does not matter if people are rich or poor. People crave for money; it is okay to crave for money just as long as people do not turn greedy. Because all of that hard work will disappear once that person gets buried. Ang 2 Ang 2 Researchers have found that countries with wealthier people tend to be happier than the ones who are poor. Rich people can afford fully furnished house that will make them happy, but on the other hand, poor people can barely even afford enough food to feed their own family; that would not make them happy will it now. Can money buy happiness? Yes, money can buy Ang 3 Ang 3 happiness. Money can buy people enough satisfaction in life, but they just want more and more. Once a person gets what they want then that person will want more again, it is like a cycle. They want to have more than what other people have, and it ends up as a competition of who’s the richest. When all that money spent on useless items can be donated to charities with much more necessities. Money can buy happiness in so many ways; like riding a first class in the plane or going on vacation with the whole family while staying in a five star hotel. In some cases though, money can only buy happiness in a short period of time. When people loose the person they love, they cannot buy that persons life. What people can do in order to forget is to use a little bit of money to have fun, like maybe buying a pint of ice cream or a box of chocolate’s might cheer a person up. Money also cannot buy love, a lot of people now are treating love as if it is a game, and all they are targeting is the money; so people should not get tricked by the ones who they think really loves them because people might also use wealthier people for the money they have. You read "World Without Money" in category "Essay examples" Good schools lead to brighter futures, and in order to get into good schools people need to have the money to get in; unless that person is smart and gets a scholarship. People usually want to go to international schools so that they can get into good universities in the future, kids who’s parents do not have enough money usually get sent to public schools where they do not learn as much as international schools, so meaning they wont get into good universities. People who get into good universities need money or connections, unless they get a scholarship; this is where bribing comes in. Usually if a person is rich they can sometimes just pay the head minister the amount of money they want and just get in. Though a lot of people who do quite good universities tend to become the millionaires in the end, such as Bill Gates and Steve Jobs. Money is a motivation for a lot of people, why do people think they want to go to a better university, its so that they can have a job that pays well. Steve Jobs built the first Apple laptop so that he can prove to his friends that his not just another nerd. Since that went successfully, Jobs thought that that would help him earn some money, and money motivated Ang 4 Ang 4 Jobs to create more of the advanced technologies we have today; such as the iPhone, ipad and MacBook. If money were not there to motivate people to work their brains, then the technologies would not have been as advanced as they today. Bibliography: This website talks about a group in the United States called the USAID who helps provide shelters or food for the countries in need. In this article, it talks about how USAID helps countries; they provided thousands of bed nets for thousands of Africans. This helps the essay because my essay mentions why money affects third world countries, because money can buy them food and a place to live. †About USAID. † USAID. N. P. , 11 Nov. 2011. Web. 1 Mar. 2012. This chapter of the book is about greediness, how people are becoming greedier because of money, and why money isn’t the most important thing on earth. People only think about money, and they stop focusing on other important aspects in life, like family and friends. This helps the essay because it talks about how it makes people greedier because of money and how money w ill change the way people think and act. Byrne, Rhonda. â€Å"The Secret To Money† The Secret. New York: Atria Books/Beyond Words, 2006. Print. This article is about how money can buy happiness. Researcher’s tried to see if wealthier people were happier than those who were less wealthy, and yes they were happier. This helps the essay because one of my paragraphs talks about whether money can buy happiness or not. â€Å"Can Money Buy Happiness? † CNNMoney. Cable News Network, 18 July 2006. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. This database is about how money buys almost everything in life and you need money to survive. It talks about how you need money to live because everyday you eat, and the only way to get food is to buy it with money. It helps with the essay because the essay is about how money can almost buy anything in life. Chamot, Dennis. â€Å"Money Matters. † Chemical Engirneering News. 2008 (Apr. 2008): 55. Pubs. Acs. Web. 19 March. 2012. This article is about how money is what is motivating people try their best. It talks about the reasons why people takes opportunities, its so people can earn money from it. This helps because part of my essay is about how money can also motivate people into doing more work. The reason why our technologies are advancing now is because of money, because money is what is pushing people to do work or to work harder. Dewhurst, Martin. Guthridge, Matthew. Mohr, Elizabeth. Motivating People, Getting Beyond Money. † Mckinseyquarterly. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. Like the first citation, this article is about a group in the United States called USAID that helps people around the worlds. Households hang up mosquito nets is about USAID providing thousands of bed nets for the families in East Africa and saving their lives from preventing Malaria. This helps the essay bec ause a part of the essay is about how money affects peoples lives and the employees of USAID are getting paid my the government, so without money, USAID would not have any employees. †Households Hang Up Mosquito Nets. eastafrica. usaid. N. p. , 12 July. 2011. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. This book is about how a rich dad did not finish school but became a millionaire, while the poor dad finished university but ended up poor. It does relate to the essay because it talks about how money is still what motivates a person to work hard, like the rich dad in the book. What motivated him to quite school was because he knew he was going to be rich. Kiyosaki, Robert. Lechter, Sharon. Rich Dad Poor Dad. New York City: Warner Books Ed, 2001. Print. This database is about how money saved a natural disaster that happened in California. Which supported my claim of why money does save thousands of lives, because without money there wont be people helping out in natural disasters, since they get paid for helping. Maggs Ward, William. â€Å"Money for quakes. † Eos Trans. 70(45). Agu. Web. 19 March. 2012. This article is about why the society is becoming unfair, and people are becoming greedier. It also talks about how money does make the world go around, and why money makes people happy. It helps with the essay because the essay talks about greediness and how money affects happiness. Merkin, Daphne. â€Å"The Rich Aren’t Like You and Me†¦ † Elle. 13 Sept. 2010. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. How to cite World Without Money, Essay examples

Writers Account of Writing Articles For Constant Contents Catalog

This post comes to us from Kevin Campbell, a writer who joined Constant Content this year and has really figured out how to effectively build a catalog of content for sale. I believe that any success, no matter how big or small, that I’ve had with selling articles on Constant Content can be attributed to building and maintaining a well-stocked back catalog of content. I always try to keep in mind that an article written today probably won’t sell today or even tomorrow. Eventually, however, it will likely sell. With that in mind, I use the idea that if you write consistently now you’ll sell consistently later on as a motivator. If there’s one great motivator to freelance writers everywhere it’s the promise of a consistent income, as theoretical at this point as it may be. I try to write at least five articles a day, Monday through Friday. In my mind, the only acceptable excuse for not meeting my goal is â€Å"I’m making money somewhere else today.† That or I’ve died. Death would also be an acceptable excuse. At the start of my day, I always open up my Constant Content work desk to find out what types of pieces have been selling in the last few hours. While I don’t necessarily use the most recently sold articles as a guide to plan the next few pieces I’ll immediately write, I do use the information to try and identify trends. If I notice that articles about Apple’s iPad are continually showing up in the â€Å"Recently Sold† tab, I know that it’ll be a decent idea to write iPad articles at some point. When picking out ideas to eventually write about, I try to settle on a broad topic that I can then break down into many tiny pieces, so to speak. Instead of just writing a general information piece about Apple’s iPad, for example, I would try to cover the device from every conceivable angle. The benefits of this are twofold. In my mind, it enables me to cover each angle of the topic with as much space as I’ll need to get the job done as thoroughly as possible. Secondly, I can research many different articles in one sitting, thus saving me a great deal of time in the long run. When selling from the catalog, I think it’s important not to sell yourself too short. Always make sure that your articles are priced fairly and that they can compensate you for your time. I’ve had some great success with using the â€Å"Best Offer† feature, for example, but I rarely accept anything less than what I’ve stated for full rights. I give the most amount of leeway to buyers for usage rights, but for full rights I don’t list a price on the site unless I already think it is more than fair.

Age Affects Drug Metamorphosis Essays

Age Affects Drug Metamorphosis Essays Age Affects Drug Metamorphosis Essay Age Affects Drug Metamorphosis Essay Introduction There has been a batch of work and research carried out since the find that age affects drug metamorphosis which can take to toxicity in the 1950s and 1960s. Therefore more cognition and understanding about how drug metamorphosis affects age is critical, which led to the happening out of the of import function of the liver, cytochrome enzyme household, genetic sciences and transporter systems in drug metamorphosis. Age was discovered to hold singular consequence on most of this phenomena involved in drug metamorphosis such as liver volume decrease, lessening in activity of some cytochrome enzymes household. However, the job of acquiring healthy liver tissue of homo and some limitation ethically have limited the surveies of drug metamorphosis effects on age in relation to toxicity. There are legion factor that besides influence the toxicokinetics of drugs in homo. Adult population have more advantage in footings of surveies affecting drugs metamorphosis than the older population and p ediatric population due to hazards involved and ethical grounds in surveies on new drugs which discourage testing of drugs in the older and pediatric population. Changes in drug metamorphosis may be due to differences in toxicokinetics which include soaking up, distribution, metamorphosis or elimination. There are legion variety meats and system that diminution with age and besides undeveloped variety meats and systems in babies or pediatricss affects drug metamorphosis has consequence of this conditions. Advancing age consequences in cut down stomachic acid secernment, stomachic voidance, GI mobility, surface country for soaking up, liver size and map, nephritic map, thin organic structure mass, entire H2O content, serum albumen, cardiac end product and increase organic structure fat which affect straight or indirectly drug metamorphosis and can take to toxicity. Drug METABOLISMS Metamorphosis is a procedure that cause drugs to go more H2O soluble in order to readily take them from the organic structure after they have perform their action in the organic structure. This procedure takes topographic point chiefly in the liver cells and produces metabolites which are non active and sometimes non-toxic, although some metabolites may be toxic. There are drugs that their parent drug are in active and the metabolites produced are active. The mechanisms of drug metamorphosiss are divided into stage I and phase II. Phase I reactions involves structural alteration of drug molecules and stage II reaction dwelling of junction with a more H2O soluble compound. Oxidation, decrease and hydrolysis are chief reaction happening in stage I with engagement of cytochrome p450 enzymes an other enzymes are besides involved in oxidative metamorphosis ( Strolin Benedetti, M. et Al ) . Maturational alterations occurs from birth in both stage I and phase II metabolic tracts which is no rmally non to the full mature at birth. The liver is most of import organ for drug metamorphosis quantitatively and signifiers about 6 % of the organic structure mass at birth but around 3 % of the organic structure mass in the grownup. Growth is associated with decrease in blood fluxing into the liver and liver volume accordingly ensuing in reduced metabolic clearance with drugs that require high hepatic remotion whereas drugs with low hepatic remotion are normally less removed which can take to toxicity. Depending on the enzyme system involved, there can be production of low or high plasma concentration of active rule due to different capacities to metabolise drug in the paediatric or older people than in grownup. There are healing agent in kids that produces metabolites whereas this metabolites are non present usually in grownup and the metabolites may be the cause of efficaciousness and/or toxicity seen with disposal of drug in kids for illustration kids having Elixophyllin produces caffeine ( Olive et Al. ) and other illustrations of healing agent that differ in metabolite production are paracetamol, salicylamide, Chloromycetin, valproic acid and Tagamet. There is besides different in degree of look of metabolites in kids compared to adult although they express the same enzyme complement but there is no cognition of illustration of metabolite production non usually present in grownup that are seen in the older population. Few exclusions occurs though in most instances because differences between the kids and grownups are in ratio of metabolite compared to the parent drug instead than metabolites that are unevenly specific to the paediatric. PHASE IREACTIONS OXIDATIVE ENZYMES CYTOCHROME P450 ( CYP ) SYSTEM The oxidative metamorphosis of many drugs and chemicals are catalyze by cytochrome p450 isoenzyme superfamily that consist of over 50 proteins. The enzymes are present in the smooth endoplasmic Reticulum of the liver and other tissue in their lipotropic membrane which can be isolated and they become cysts called microsomes. Different cytochrome p450 household are responsible for different metamorphosis for illustration cytochrome p450 households 1-4 are responsible for foreign compounds metamorphosis while the other cytochrome p450 households are responsible for endogenous substrates metamorphosis. The metabolic activation of many chemical carcinogens and toxins that undergoes metamorphosis and used clinically are besides the duty of cytochrome p450. CYP1A There are two isoforms of CYP1A subfamily viz. CYP1A1 AND CPY1A2. CYP1A1 are chiefly extra-hepatic. CYP1A2 is concerned chiefly with the metamorphosis of paracetamol, caffeine, Elixophyllin, impramine hydrochloride, aromatic aminoalkanes, Coumadin and acetophenetidin. All demethylations of N-1, N-3, N-7 and pealing hydroxylation of C-8 in the metamorphosis of caffeine and Elixophyllin are besides the duty of CYP1A2 and other CYP isozymes like CYP3A4/5, CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 besides take portion in these reaction ( Oesterheld et al, Kalow, W. and Tang et al. ) . In pediatric, CYP1A2 is non normally noticeable until one to three months infant age and its additions until about three old ages but remains the same with big degree afterwards. Demethylation of caffeine N-3 depends on CYP1A2 in newborns, babies and grownups but N-3 demethylation is more of import in immature babies. Caffeine metabolic tract matures with postpartum age particularly with entire demethylation, demethylation of N-7 and N-3 demethylation whereas demethylation of N-1 show no fluctuation but ripening occurs at one and half old ages of age. Hydroxylation of C-8 is normally developed at one month in few babies than in grownups. The activity of most demethylation was found to be lower in newborns and babies than grownup and diet of babies besides affect development of CYP1A2 activity ( Blake, M.J. et Al ) . There is lessening in activity of CYP1A2 in aged with caffeine. Most of this fluctuation leads to toxicity and it s dose dependent excessively. CYP2A There are three isoforms of this subfamily viz. CYP2A6, 2A7 and 2A13 ( Hakkola, J. et Al ) . CYP2A6 is chiefly involved in contact action of coumarin 7-hydroxylation ( Pelkonen, O. et Al ) . Urinary elimination of 7-hydroxycoumarin is about the same in kids of six to fourteen old ages and grownups but the rate of riddance is unchanged or reduced for CYP2A substrates in the aged which can do toxicity in relation to dose given. CYP2A6 is non seen in fetal liver. CYP2C The isoforms of this subfamily are CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2C8. They are involved in metamorphosis of assorted curative agent for illustration anti-inflammatory drugs ( non-steroidal ) , antiepileptics, Coumadin, propranolol, Valium etc and might lend to metamorphosis of endogenous agents e.g arachidonic acid. CYP2C isozymes is noticeable early in neonatal period, one month degree is normally about tierce of grownups and remains the same until about one twelvemonth of age. From birth there is interindividual fluctuation in CYP2C9 protein and activity until about 18years with 36 crease boulder clay five months and less fluctuation between five months and 18 old ages. Phenytoin ( antiepileptic ) and substrate of CYP2C9 pharmacokinetics is affected which can take to toxicity. Expression of CYP2C19 additions from birth for approximately five month and fluctuation of single between five months and ten old ages is about 22 creases but from ten old ages at that place is similarity in activit y and look with grownup ( Blanco, J.G. et Al ) . In the aged there is lessening in the rate of riddance of substrates of both CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 ( Kinirons, M.T. et al and Cusack et Al. ) likely doing toxicity depending on dosage. CYP2D CYP2D6 is involved in the metamorphosis of drugs like A ; szlig ; -blockers, anti jerking drugs, antidepressants ( tricyclic and non-tricyclic ) , codeine, Capoten, ondansetron etc ( Strolin Benedetti, M. et Al ) . There is addition in the protein look of CYP2D6 from few hebdomads postpartum age to about five old ages and reaches about two- tierce of the grownup degree. There is besides CYP2D6 polymorphism in kids but there is unchanged rate of riddance of substrates of CYP2D6 in the aged. Most of this change with age can impact the metamorphosis taking to toxicity and it s dose dependant. CYP2E CYP2E1 contribute to the metamorphosis of little molecules like paracetamol, aminobenzine, ethyl alcohol, N-nitrosodimethylamine ( strolin Benedetti, M. et Al ) . The enzymes rises after birth boulder clay about one twelvemonth and go approximately 40 % of big degree but reaches 100 % grownup degree between one twelvemonth and 10 twelvemonth ( strolin Benedetti, M. et Al ) . It decrease or stay unchanged with age utilizing substrates like paracetamol and chloroxazone ( Kinirons et Al and OMahony et Al. ) but recent survey shows that there is addition in CYP2E1 activity with age in work forces than in adult females ensuing in toxicity depending on dosage. CYP3A CYP3A isoforms are CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7 ; they are the major CYP isoforms found in the liver and little bowel. They are besides involved in oxidization of legion substrates.CYP3A5 is independent of age and variably high in look ( Steven et al. ) . CYP3A4 is majorly expressed in grownup liver while CYP3A7 is majorly expressed in fetal liver. The isoforms are closely related structurally but differs in monooxygenase reaction capacity map. CYP3A7 in fetal liver is really active until after first hebdomad of birth and starts to diminish till it is absent in grownup liver. CYP3A4 is really weak or non present in fetus but rises after birth and it is responsible for biotransformation of cisapride ( serotonin 5-HT4 agonist ) which can do cardiac toxicity in newborns due to steady addition in activity of CYP3A4 in metamorphosis of cisapride that exceeds grownups value activity particularly in newborns and grownup that do nt transport hazard factor impacting them. Another CYP3A4 substrate, endovenous Versed ( ataractic ) metamorphosis is lower in newborns than in babies greater than 3months of age but as a consequence of low activity of CYP3A4 in the bowel of grownup there is addition in bioavailability of Versed following unwritten consumption in preterm babies compared to grownups ( De Wildt, S.N. et Al ) . CYP3A4 development is fastened with diet in babies ( Blake, M.J. et Al ) . In the aged there is inconclusive information about the activity and look of CYP3A but it remain unchanged or lessening with age ( Schmucker et al. ) . FLAVIN-CONTAINING MONOOXYGENASES ( FMOs ) Flavin- containing monooxygenases are critical in oxidative of assorted foreign compounds incorporating nucleophilic N, phosphorus-heteroatoms, Se, S that are NADPH dependant. There are six member cistron household of the enzyme ( FMO 1-6 ) . In the paediatric, FMO1 look was highest from 2months to 4months gestation and a mechanism coupled with construct suppressed wholly look of FMO1 within three yearss post natal. FMO3 look was non present during neonatal period but low degree was present between 2months and 4months gestation ; from one to two old ages of age FMO3 look was present and increase boulder clay about 11 old ages but from 11 old ages to eighteen old ages, there is gender -interdependence in the addition of FMO3 look ( Strolin Benedetti, M. et Al ) . There is a hepatic nothing FMO phenotype in newborn due speedy station natal suppression of FMO1 and FMO3 look delayed oncoming. MONOAMINE OXIDASES ( MAOs ) Monoamine oxidases are involved in the exogenic and endogenous compounds metamorphosis and found in the chondriosome of liver, kidney, lungs, encephalon, bowel and thrombocytes ( Strolin Benedetti, M. et al. ) . Their concentration is low in liver and higher in other tissues. The two monoamine oxidases that take portion in drug metamorphosis are MAO A and MAO B. During construct MAO A activity is really high and reduces rapidly in the first two twelvemonth of age and becomes steady afterwards. MAO B activity is low at construct, steady in early age and increases with progressing age. ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE ( ADH ) Alcohol dehydrogenases are cytosolic isozymes that are involved in the reversible oxidization of intoxicants to aldehydes and metamorphosis of endogenous compounds like steroids and vitamin A1. For illustration Atarax to cetirizine. There are six categories of intoxicant dehydrogenase ADH 1-6, five of the ADH 1-5 are found in adult male ( Strolin Benedetti, M. et al. ) . In newborns, there is immature development of the activity of ADH but from one to two and half twelvemonth of age, the activity of ADH is the same or greater than in grownup. There is no much difference in the activity of ADH in grownup compared to the aged. MOLYBDENUM HYDROXYLASES ( ALDEHYDE OXIDASE AND XANTHINE OXIDASE ) Aldehyde oxidase ( AO ) and Xanthine oxidase ( XO ) are involved in exogenic and endogenous substrates biotransformation. XO is involved in oxidative hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine, xanthine to uric acid and purine metamorphosis last two stairss in mammals. AO and XO are similar structurally but AO takes portion in metamorphosis of estrogen antagonist, ziprasidone, zaleplon, famciclovir, zonisamide etc. XO activity in plasma is really high in babes compared to adult and AO activity is immature until about 12months after ( Karg, E. et Al and Tayama, Y. et Al ) . XO activity is independent of age in aged. REDUCTIVE ENZYMES NADPH-CYTOCHROME P450 REDUCTASE The negatron giving spouse to CYP enzymes are flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) and flavin mononucleotide ( FMN ) contained in the cytochrome p450 reductase. NADPH cut downing enzymes are passed to the FAD of cytochrome p450 reductase and so to CYP enzymes via the FMN of the cytochrome p450 reductase. There is no much important alteration with age with NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase ( Schmucker et al. ) . ALDO-KETOREDUCTASES Aldo ketoreductases are present in red blood cells, liver and are cytosolic enzymes involved in decrease of carbonyl groups. They besides metabolized hypolipidemic drugs ( fenofibrate ) and anti malignant neoplastic disease drugs ( anthracyclines ) . Prostaglandin E1 ( PGE1 ) are metabolized by ketoreductase. ketogroup decrease frequently produce active metamorphosis which can do toxicity with age for illustration idarubicin produces idarubicinol ( alcohol merchandise ) and PGE1 produces 13,14-dihydro-15- ketoprostaglandin E1 which is farther cut down to active compound 13, 14-dihydro-prostaglandin E1. HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES ESTERASES There is lessening in the activity of esterases in newborn than in grownup but in the aged physical failing reduces the activity of esterases particularly those with injuries, undergoing surgery, injured or ill. From 7months gestation to 12months of age, there is speedy addition in the activity of plasma arylesterase and pseudocholinesterase activity, but no important change occurs afterwards. There is disconnected addition in erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity between construct and 12months i.e red blood cells are non matured before construct. Ester signifiers of drugs are largely incompletely hydrolyzed in newborns due to low serum concentration that consequence e.g Erythrocin estolate, Chloromycetin palmitate ( Morselli, P.L. et al. ) . PHASE II REACTIONS Acetylation Junction with acetyl group by drugs like INH, p-aminosalicylic, p-aminobenzoic acid, sulfamezathine and toxic agent is control by activity of N-acetyltransferase ( NAT ) . in premature and neonates, there is acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid by N-acetyltransferase1 ( NAT1 ) which increase somewhat in babies and is reduced in kids ( Strolin Benedetti, M. et al. ) . N-acetyltransferase2 ( NAT2 ) involved in caffeine and INH metamorphosis shows that in babies there are slow acetylators or fast acetylators that are non matured with caffeine and with isoniazid acetylation ripening occurs after one twelvemonth, as fast acetylors increases with age till four old ages peak. METHYLATION Junction of methyl group are the duty of S-methytransferase, O-methyltransferase, and N-methyltransferase which are involved in transportation of methyl group to oxygen-nucleophile, nitrogen-nucleophile and sulfur nucleophile. N-methyltransferases Theophylline N-7-methylation in newborn to caffeine is good matured but oxidative demethylation is deficient and matures after several months of age. Thiopurine-s-methyltransferase Thiopurine-s-methyltransferase ( TPMT ) is involved in the metamorphosis of azathiopurine ( converted to 6-MP ) and catalyzes thiopurines metamorphosis e.g 6-MP ( antiblastic drug ) . TPMT is a cytosolic polymorphic enzyme which is cistron specific and are present in many tissue and red blood cell. In pediatric, there is high activity of TPMT in approximately 90 % of the population, approximately 8 % have intermediate activity and 0.3 % have low activity. Inactivation by TPMT which affects the efficaciousness of 6MP in single with low TPMT activity experience terrible toxicity with 6MP standard doses. GLUCURONIDATION There are assorted UDP glucoronsyltransferase ( UGT ) isozymes present in human. Glucuronidation in pediatric ranges adult degree when they are 12weeks to24weeks old, 12months, 36months or subsequently in age depending on the drug. At 12weeks of age, hematoidin glucuronidation which is the duty of UGT1A1 isozymes approach big degree but occurs at really low degrees in newborns liver. For illustration Chloromycetin with lower glucuronidation in paediatric can take to toxicity because glucuronidation is clearly deficient in most premature babes and mature babes. Therefore high concentration of unmetabolized Chloromycetin may increase in sum taking to serious toxicity which cause go arounding prostration or gray baby syndrome with standard dosage per bodyweight. These prompt the more surveies and the dosage was regulated on weight, gestation and postpartum age footing. UGT2B7 besides metabolize Chloromycetin and some UGT isoforms besides eliminates it. 3-glucuronides ( M3G ) and 6-glucu ronides ( M6G ) are formed as a consequence of UGT2B7 metabolising morphia. There is addition in the quality of morphine glucuronidation activity after neonate age. For illustration there is addition in epirubicin glucuronidation activity with age and riddance of epirubicin ( malignant disease intervention ) is majorly by UGT2B7 glucuronidation. In kids of 7 to 10 twelvemonth, there is deficient glucuronidation of paracetamol and salicylamide in correlativity with grownups ( Alam, S.M. et al. ) . UGT1A6 is the chief glucuronidation isozymes of paracetamol although UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 besides takes portion in the glucuronidation ( Court, M.H. et al. ) . Strassburg et Al. observed that UGT1A1, 1A3, 2B15, 2B4, 1A4, 2B7, 1A6, 2B10 and 1A9 are present after 6 months of age. There is different in look of UGT1A1, 1A6 and 2B6 protein but lower messenger RNA look for UGT2B4, 1A9 was seen. Hepatic glucuronidation activity in 1-2years is low compared to grownups for the undermentioned drugs e.g buprenorphine, Elavil, isobutylphenyl propionic acid, theelin, 4-tert-butylphenol. Acyl co-enzymes A, phospholipid content, fatty acid with long concatenation and membrane factors may be responsible for enzymatic activities differences between pediatric and grownup. In aged, there is decreased glucuronidation of lamotrigine and riddance of Serax, retigabine by UGT activity. SULFATION The sulfate junction of several endogenous and exogenic chemicals by sulfotransferase ( SULT ) cistron household that encodes about 11 major enzymes utilizing 3-phosphoadenosine-5-phosphosulfate ( PAPS ) . In peadiatric, there is ripening of sulfate tract at construct which is the chief metabolic path in baby and kids for salicylamide and paracetamol ( Alam, S.M. et al. ) . For illustration in morphine metamorphosis sulfate junction can counterbalance for the less-matured glucuronidation. Junction WITH AMINO ACIDS Biotransformation of some compounds is dependent on the junction of foreign compounds of carboxylic acids with endogenous amino acids. In worlds glycine, glutamine and taurine are aminic acids that undergoes junction often. In pediatric, junction with glycine additions from construct to kids age and is the major tract for metamorphosis of salicylates in newborns ( strolin Benedetti, M.et al. ) . Formation of hippuric acid by glycine junction of benzoic acid is present but deficient in preterm babes. Junction WITH GLUTATHIONE Cytosolic glutathione S-transferase ( GST ) is responsible for junction of glutathione. Catalysiss of conjugate of different electrophiles with decreased glutathione is the major manner by which GSTs metabolize carcinogens, exogenic and endogenous toxins. In pediatric within 12-24months, there is addition in GSTA1 and GSTA2 look to adult degree with norm of 3 crease and GSTM look increased to about 5 crease to adult degree at construct. In grownup liver there is no GSTP1 but it is present in newborns. GST activity and GSTP1 degree in female merely showed of import addition from less than 50 old ages to over 70 old ages ( Hoensch, H. et al. ) . Decision The increasing fluctuation between single in enzymes activity involved in drug metamorphosis coupled with other physiological factors make it hard to distinguish age effects on drug metamorphosis in relation to toxicity but a good cognition about the drugs pharmacokinetics is really of import to cognize patient population that requires dosage accommodation in order to forestall toxicity ( acute or chronic ) after exposure. A better apprehension of the specific drug metabolising enzymes with age fluctuation is besides critical in ordering drugs to patient population and in development of drugs in the patient population. Most drugs metabolized through the cytochrome p450 enzymes decreases with age every bit good as the nephritic riddance of most drugs decreases with age which can take to toxicity. Mentions Strolin Benedetti, M et Al. ( 2005 ) Differences in soaking up, distribution, metamorphosis and elimination between the paediatric and the grownup population. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 1, 447-471 Cazeneuve, C. et Al. ( 1994 ) Biotransformation of caffeine in human liver microsomes from foetuss, newborns, babies and grownups. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 37, 405-412. Zeeh, J. et Al ( 1996 ) Influence of age, infirmity and liver map on the pharmacokinetics of brofaromine. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 49, 387-391 Simon, T. ( 2001 ) Variability of cytochrome P450 1A2 activity over clip in immature and aged healthy voluntaries. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 52, 601-604 Kinirons, M.T. and OMahony, M.S. ( 2004 ) Drug metamorphosis and ageing. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 57, 540-544 Cusack, B.J. ( 2004 ) Pharmacokinetics in older individuals. Am. J. Geriatr. Pharmacother. 2, 274-302 Koukouritaki, S.B et Al. ( 2004 ) Development look of human hepatic CYP2C9 and CYP2C19. J. pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 308, 965-974 Blanco, J.G. et Al. ( 2000 ) Human cytochrome P450 maximum activities in paediatric versus grownup liver. Drug Metab. Dispos. 28, 379-382 George, J. et Al. ( 1995 ) Age but non gender selectively affects look of single cytochrome P450 proteins in human liver. Biochem. Pharmacol. 50,727-730 Schmucker, D.L. ( 2001 ) Liver map and Phase I drug metabolim in th aged. A paradox. Drugs Aging 18, 837-851 Ishizawa, Y. et Al. ( 2005 ) The consequence of aging on the relationship between the cytochrome P450 2C19 genotype and omeprazole pharmacokinetics. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 44, 1179-1189 Foglia, J.P et Al. ( 1997 ) Plasma degrees of citalopram enantiomorphs and metabolites in aged patients. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 33, 109-112 Stevens, J.C. ( 2006 ) New positions on the impacts of cytochrome P450 3A look for paediatric pharmacological medicine. Drug Discov. Today 11, 440-445 De Wildt, S.N. et Al. ( 2002 ) Pharmacokinetics and metamorphosis of unwritten Versed in preterm babies. Br. J. clin. Pharmacol. 53, 390-392 Patki, K.C. ( 2004 ) Consequence of age on in vitro triazolam biotransformation in male human liver microsomes. J. pharmocol. Exp. Ther. 308, 874-879 Strolin Benedetti, M. et Al. ( 1992 ) Developmental facets of the monoamine-degrading enzymes monoamine oxidases. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. 18, 191-200 Kornhuber, J. et Al. ( 1989 ) Growth of monoamine oxidase-A and -B in the human encephalon frontal cerebral mantle. Brain Res. 499, 81 Karg, E.et Al. ( 2001 ) Ferroxidases and xanthine oxidoreductase in plasma of healthy newborn babies. Free Radic. Res. 35, 555-561 Tayama, Y. et Al. ( 2007 ) Developmental alterations of aldehyde oxidase activity in immature Nipponese kids. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 81, 567-572 Eskura, I. et Al. ( 2006 ) Xanthine oxidase does non lend to impaired peripheral conduit arteria endothelium-dependent distension with ageing. J. Physiol. 571, 661-668 Ecobichon, D.J. and Stephens, D.S. ( 1971 ) Perinatal development of blood exterases. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 14, 41-47 Morselli, P.L. et Al. ( 1980 ) Clinical pharmacokinetics in neonates and babies. Clin. Pharmacokin. 5, 485-527 Puche, E. et Al. ( 1989 ) Serum aspirin-esterase activity in epileptic patients having intervention with Phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, carbamazepine and valproic acid. Int. J. Clin. Pharm. Res. IX, 55-58 Pope, C.N. et Al. ( 2005 ) Comparative carboxylesterase activities in babies and grownup liver and their in vitro sensitiveness to chlorpyrifos oxon.Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 42, 64-69 Abou Hatab, K. et Al. ( 2001 ) Relationship between age and plasma esterases. Age Aging 30, 41-45 Alam, S.M. et Al. ( 1977 ) Age related differences in salicylamide and acetaminophen junction in adult male. J. pediatr. 90, 130-135 Court, M.H. et Al. ( 2001 ) Interindividual variableness in acetaminophen glucuronidation by human liver microsomes: designation of relevant acetaminophen UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms. J. pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 299, 998-1006 Strassburg, C.P. et Al. ( 2002 ) Developmental facets of human hepatic drug glucuronidation in immature kids and grownups. Gut 50, 259- 265 Temellini, A. et Al. ( 1991 ) Interindividual variableness in the glucuronidation and sulphation of ethinyloestradiol in human liver. Br. J. clin. Pharmacol. 31, 661-664 Tateishi, T. et Al. ( 1995 ) Influence of aging on the oxidative and conjugative metamorphosis of propranolol. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res. 5, 95-101 Miners, J.O. et Al. ( 1988 ) Comparison of paracetamol metamorphosis in immature grownup and aged males. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 35, 157-160 Wynne, H. et Al. ( 1990 ) The association of age and infirmity with paracetamol junction in adult male. Age Aging 19, 419-424 Sonne, J.et Al ( 1991 ) Single dosage pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of unwritten Serax in really aged institutionalised topics. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 31, 719-722 Hermann, R. et Al. ( 2003 ) Effects of age and sex on t6he temperament of retigabine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 73, 61-70 Aksoy, I.A. et Al. ( 1993 ) Human liver dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase: nature and extent of single fluctuation. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 54, 498-506 Temellini, A. et Al. ( 1993 ) Junction of benzoic acid with glycine in human liver and kidney: a survey on the interindividual variableness. Xenobiotica 23, 1427-1433 McCarver, D.G. and Hines, R.N. ( 2002 ) The growth of human drug metabolising enzymes: stage II junction enzymes and regulative mechanisms. J. pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 300, 361-366 Hoensch, H.et Al. ( 2006 ) Expression of glutathione enzymes system of human colon mucous membrane by localisation, gender and age. Curr. Med. Res. Opin. 22, 1075-1083 Ganiere-Monteli, C. et Al. ( 2004 ) phenotype and genotype for thiopurine methyltransferase activity in the Gallic Caucasic population: impact of age. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 60, 89-96 Johnson, T.N.et Al. ( 2006 ) Prediction of the clearance of 11 drugs and associated variableness in newborns, babies and kids. Clin. Pharmacokin. 45, 931-956 Strolin Benedetti, M. et Al. ( 2006 ) Engagement of enzymes other than CYPs in the oxidative metamorphosis of xenobiotics. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2, 895-921 Olive, G. ( 1991 ) Pharmacocinetique et biotransformation diethylstilbestrols medicines chez lenfant. Louvain Med. 110, 565-569 Oesterheld, J.R. ( 1998 ) A reappraisal of development facets of cytochrome P450. J. Child Adolescent Psychopharmacol. 8, 161-174 Kalow, W. and Tang, B.K. 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Celebrity SAT Scores (Kesha, Bill Gates, and more)

Celebrity SAT Scores (Kesha, Bill Gates, and more) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What do you have in common with Kesha, Bill Gates, Al Gore, and Derek Jeter? They all had to take the SAT when they were in high school, just like you! However you feel about the SAT, it’s a landmark in the lives of many American students (and lots of international ones, too). Taking the SAT is an experience that many of you will share and remember well for the rest of your lives. Let’s check out some SAT scores of the rich and famous - and talk about how you can achieve some Kesha-worthy scores of your own. Feature image: Nicole Abalde/Flickr SAT Scores of Famous People We've gathered a complete list of celebrity SAT scores. These were often revealed in interviews or through investigative research. Some people were proud of their high scores, others proud of their low scores - and others couldn't care less. Here it is: Celebrity SAT Score (out of 1600) College Attended Paul Allen 1600 Washington State University Will Smith Rumored to be perfect None Ben Affleck Almost perfect Occidental College, University of Vermont Bill Gates 1590 Harvard Ben Bernanke 1590 Harvard Bill O'Reilly 1585 Marist College Ryan Fitzpatrick 1580 Harvard James Woods 1579 MIT Ben Stein 1573 Columbia Kesha 1500 None Scott McNealy 1420 Stanford Natalie Portman 1400+ Harvard Al Gore 1355 Harvard Stephen King 1300s University of Maine Meredith Vieira 1300s Tufts University George W. Bush 1206 Yale Derek Jeter 1200 University of Michigan John Kerry 90 Yale Courtney Cox 50 Mount Vernon College Amy Tan 00s Linfield College, San Josà © State University Kobe Bryant 1080 None Scarlett Johansson 1080 None Bill Clinton 1032 Georgetown Peyton Manning 1030 University of Tennessee Alex Rodriguez 910 None Clearly all people on this list are considered successful, indicating you don't need a high SAT score to be successful, if you have passion, drive, and talent. You can either get a Kesha-like SATscore of 1500 or a Kobe-like one of 1080. But for most people in the world (like you and me), working hard in school, getting good grades, and earning high scores set up a brighter future with more open opportunities. Actors, singers, athletes, entrepreneurs, and politicians are scattered all up and down the list, but how can you join the ranks of Bill Gates, Will Smith, and Kesha up at the top? Read on for the important strategies and resources you need to score high on the SAT. Walmart/Flickr Where Will You Fall On This List? You need a high SAT score to get into good colleges, and we've got tips for you to improve your score. Get to Know the SAT Well To do well on the SAT, you have to know the SAT - you must be familiar with its content and format, as well as able to work fast and efficiently. High quality materials are a must in readying yourself and improving your scores. Questions that aren’t well written or don’t match the complexity of real SAT questions won’t get you very far. Timing yourself as your practice will also help you with pacing. Study Smart, Not Dumb Getting ready is not just about how much you prep, but about how well you prep. There are several important strategies to your approach, including setting small, manageable goals and rooting out your particular strengths and weaknesses. Check out our free E-Book for the tips you need to know to customize your study methods to your abilities and learning style. Understand the Test Inside and Out By the time you take the SAT, you don’t want to have any lingering questions or uncertainties about the test, including how long the sections are or how your scores are calculated. To learn the ins and outs of the SAT, check out our numerous resources. Just a few good places to start involve how long the test is, how it is scored, and how you can get a perfect SAT score. Know About Upcoming SAT Changes These celebs took the old version of the SAT, when it was scored out of 1600. The current SAT is scored out of 2400, with a maximum possible score of 800 for Critical Reading, Math, and Writing. Starting in the spring of 2016, however, the redesigned SAT will return to the 1600 scale system, with a maximum point value of 800 for Critical Reading and Writing (together) and 800 for math. There are several other changes in content that you should know about if you’ll be taking the new SAT. The new PSAT, furthermore, which all juniors will take in the fall, is changing this year (2015) to match the new SAT. Read about the redesign here, and learn how it will help next year’s juniors prepare for the new SAT. The SAT is a rite of passage that many high school students share on the road to college. What scores will end up being reported for you? What’s Next? No two people are exactly the same, so no two approaches to studying should be the same either. A good starting point to customizing your SAT prep to your unique strengths and skills is setting personalized goals. Find out what’s a good SAT score, a bad SAT score, and an excellent SAT score here so you can set your own individual target scores. The SAT is a long and important test, so obviously you wouldn’t be well served by only cramming the night before. But when exactly should you start prepping for the SAT? Learn how to schedule out your time to effectively study for the SAT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also feature thousands of practice questions, 10 official SAT practice tests, and personal feedback on your essays from an expert instructor. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Divorce as One of the Main Social Problems of Every Country Research Paper

Divorce as One of the Main Social Problems of Every Country - Research Paper Example The divorce rate in Canada is %. Four in ten marriages are ending in divorce which is a rate much higher than the past decades (CBCNews). The main reason is the economic downturn and inflation in prices, which has led to stress among spouses. Both the spouses are expected to earn; otherwise, making both ends meet becomes difficult. Debt and poverty are also on its rise due to the economic recession. Men are working for longer hours. This makes them spend less time with families and partners. Education rate is increasing, as Employment and Social Development Canada (para.2) suggests: â€Å"In 2012, about 53.6% of Canadians aged 15 and over had trade certificates, college diplomas and university degrees. This was an increase of 20.9 percentage points since 1990.† Also, the average age at first marriage for men was 31.1 years in 2008, and for women, it was 29.1 years. The divorce rate is %. Kelsey states that infidelity is no more the primary reason for divorce in the UK, as grow ing apart or out of love is becoming the biggest reason why people separate. Other reasons include domestic abuse, incompatibility, getting bored, lack of communication, children, high expectations, mental health, low socio-economic status, and less money. The age of marriage is also lower. â€Å"The mean age at marriage in 2012 was 36.5 years for men and 34.0 years for women (Office for National Statistics). Education level is high, with 77% of adults aged 25-64 possessing the equivalent of a high-school degree (OECD). Divorce is on its rise in all the three countries listed above. It is recommended that couples seek marriage counselling before deciding for divorce.